苦寒行
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魏晋]：陆机
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北游幽朔城。凉野多险难。
俯入穷谷底。仰陟高山盘。
凝冰结重磵。积雪被长峦。
阴雪兴岩侧。悲风鸣树端。
不睹白日景。但闻寒鸟喧。
猛虎凭林啸。玄猿临岸叹。
夕宿乔木下。惨怆恒鲜欢。
渴饮坚冰浆。饥待零露餐。
离思固已久。寤寐莫与言。
剧哉行役人。慊慊恒苦寒。
苦寒行鉴赏
《苦寒行》在《乐府诗集》中属《相和歌·清调曲》。《乐府解题》说：“晋乐奏魏武帝《北上篇》，备言冰雪溪谷之苦。其后或谓之《北上行》，盖因武帝辞而拟之也。”原辞为曹操所作，是公元206年（建安十一年）春正月北征高干时写，表现了行军时的艰苦情况。陆机的这首诗即是对曹操原辞的模拟。全诗的主题是刻划“行役人”，也即北征战士在寒冷季节忍饥受冻、餐风露宿的凄苦景况，因此诗人的用笔着色都围绕这一点而展开。
开篇两句，是全诗的交待，有地点（幽朔）、时间（凉冬）以及所要描写的重心（多险难），以下十四句就针对“险”和“难”二字进行铺陈排比。北征战士穿行于北方的山谷中，一会儿深入谷底，一会儿仰攀高峰，道路崎岖不平，又凝结了厚厚的坚冰，积雪笼罩着起伏的山峦。山岩缠绕浓重的阴云，阵阵寒风在树林中穿越，发出凄厉的悲鸣。天色阴沉，不见日光，偶有几声寒鸟的哀叫以及野兽的吼声。天色晚了，战士们凭树支帐而宿，渴饮坚冰，饥餐风露。更兼长年征战在外，对故乡亲人的思念，绵绵无尽，却又难通消息，对方是死是活都不得知，于是诗人充满了同情地长叹一声：“剧哉行役人，慊慊恒苦寒。”结尾与开头紧密地照应在一起。
这首诗比较鲜明地体现了陆机诗歌创作的特色。首先是对偶的使用。清代叶矫然说：“六朝排偶，始于士衡”。排偶不一定始于陆机，但陆机确于此最见特色。这首诗除了开首二句和结尾四句，中间部分几全用对偶，显示了陆机过人的才思。不过，陆机虽有意写对偶，却不十分板整，往往在轮廓上整对，而字与字之间并不讲究。如“不睹白日景”两句。明代何景明说：“陆诗体俳语不俳”，很得其实。所以虽全篇为对，读去并不觉很呆板，古朴之气穿插其间，使诗歌具有一种感人的气势。其次，是赋法的采用。赋法就是铺叙，铺陈排比、罗列事物，这本是汉大赋的主要手法，陆机却吸收来运用在诗歌里，这样就使诗歌获得繁褥厚重和光采辉煌的效果。当时人说读他的诗好像“玄圃积压，莫非夜光”就是夸赞这一点。这首诗在开头交待出“险”和“难”之后，即从俯、仰、闻、睹以及战士们的饥渴、住宿等多方面进行铺陈，欲说尽说透，不仅加深了读者的印象，也增加了诗歌的容量。沈约《宋书·谢灵运传论》说他的诗“缛旨星稠，繁文绮合”，萧绎《金楼子·立言篇》说他“辞致侧密，事语坚明。意匠有序，遗言无失。”刘勰《文心雕龙》说他“才欲窥深，辞务索广。故思能入巧而不制繁。”可见这一种特色为前人所公认并多有奖饰。第三，此诗还表现了陆机语言上的特色。陆机诗歌基本不用常语、口语、俗语，而大量使用书面辞汇、成辞等。将此诗与曹操的那首相比即可见出二者的区别。曹诗用了许多口语、散句、如“溪谷少人民，雪落何霏霏！延颈长叹息，远行多所怀。我心何怫郁，思欲一东归”。陆机此诗则用许多对偶代替，并且字词也工于锻炼，如“凝冰”、“积雪”、“恒鲜欢”等等。曹诗有大量的虚字，陆诗则几舍弃不用，而以实词代之，文人化特色很鲜明。另外，陆机还善于锻炼动词，以加强警动的效果。如“结”、“被”、“兴”、“鸣”、“凭”、“临”等。清人厉志说他“字字有力，语语欲飞”，虽略有夸张，也还是反映了陆诗的总体面貌的。
不过陆机有时过于侧重技巧，而忽略了对诗情的疏通，尤其是他的一些拟古诗，本来的目的就是通过模拟以锻炼自己某一方面的技巧，因此对其余就不顾及。如这首诗，“离思”应该是最易出诗情，也最应为诗人全力把握的重点，但陆机却仅以淡淡的两句带过，是很可惜的。
陆机对于诗歌的创作提供了丰富的经验和法规，他加强了诗歌的文人化倾向，促进了诗歌向格律体的进展，他是由古诗向近体诗发展过程中的开启者之一，因此，他应在中国文学史上占有一席重要的地位。
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陆机《
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长安有狭邪行》
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陆机《
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从军行》
陆机简介
唐代·陆机的简介
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陆机（261－303），字士衡，吴郡吴县（今江苏苏州）人，西晋文学家、书法家，孙吴丞相陆逊之孙、大司马陆抗之子，与其弟陆云合称“二陆”。孙吴灭亡后出仕晋朝司马氏政权，曾历任平原内史、祭酒、著作郎等职，世称“陆平原”。后死于“八王之乱”，被夷三族。他“少有奇才，文章冠世”（《晋书·陆机传》），与弟陆云俱为中国西晋时期著名文学家，被誉为“太康之英”。陆机还是一位杰出的书法家，他的《平复帖》是中古代存世最早的名人书法真迹。
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