菩萨蛮·七夕
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宋代]:陈师道
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东飞乌鹊西飞燕。盈盈一水经年见。急雨洗香车。天回河汉斜。
离愁千载上。相远长相望。终不似人间。回头万里山。
菩萨蛮·七夕鉴赏
牛郎织女的传说是中国一个古老的神话,《诗经·大东》就有了织女与牵牛两星分居银河两旁的叙述。到《古诗十九首·迢迢牵牛星》中,形成了故事的大致轮廓。以后在《岁华纪丽》、《尔雅翼》及六朝梁殷芸《小说》(《月令广义》引)等书中,关于这个神话的记载渐趋完整。到近代,流传于民间的,更是丰富充实,积极健康,成为脍炙人口的一则古代神话。由于这个神话在诸书中一般是以牛郎织女被银河阻隔,只能在一年一度的七夕靠鹊桥相会,终究被蒙上了一层悲剧的色彩。因此历代文人经常借这个神话故事来抒发离愁,陈师道的这首《菩萨蛮·七夕》也并不例外。
词的上片写七夕牛郎织女相会的情景。起句:“东飞乌鹊西飞燕,盈盈一水经年见。”是说平日牛郎织女在天河两侧,不得相见,“盈盈一水间,脉脉不得语”(《古诗十九首》),只有到了每年七月七日,才能由乌鹊架桥,在天河相会。“东飞乌鹊西飞燕”,状乌鹊和燕纷纷前来架桥的忙碌场景,这也是让牛郎织女克服“盈盈一水”的阻隔而相会聚首的唯一条件。经年不见,只能隔河对泣;此时相逢,相见自然恨晚。“急雨洗香车,天回河汉斜”,衬托了两人盼望见面的急切心情,也隐含了历经劫难的艰苦历程。香车,泛指古代贵族妇女的专车,梁孝元帝《车名诗》:“佳人坐椒屋,按膝对兰薰,绕砌萦流水,边梁图画云,锦色悬殊众,衣香遥出群。”这里指织女所乘之车。河汉,即天河,《广志》:“天河曰银汉,又曰银河,亦曰天汉、天津、绛河、明河。”
下片以“离愁千载上”换头,抒发天上“不似人间”的感喟。牛郎织女的悲剧,其核心是有GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情人不能成眷属,千载悠悠,离愁绵绵。远隔天一方,“相远长相望”,这是何等的憾事。但是,“相远”犹能“长相望”,“人间”却“回头万里山”,连“长相望”亦不得,这种“终不似”就显得越加沉痛了。得到这个结论以后,“回头万里山”,对坎坷不平的人间,一种夹杂着钦羡和惆怅的复杂心情不免油然而生。据《宋史》载,陈师道“高介有节,安贫乐道”,平时常“终日不炊”,死后由友人“买棺敛之”。这首词作,作者恐怕也有借天上的牛郎织女的悲剧来衬写人间无数悲剧的意思。
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李嘉祐《
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早秋京口旅泊章侍御寄书相问因以》
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李贺《
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七夕》
陈师道简介
唐代·陈师道的简介
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陈师道(1053~1102)北宋官员、诗人。字履常,一字无己,号后山居士,汉族,彭城(今江苏徐州)人。元祐初苏轼等荐其文行,起为徐州教授,历仕太学博士、颖州教授、秘书省正字。一生安贫乐道,闭门苦吟,有“闭门觅句陈无己”之称。陈师道为苏门六君子之一,江西诗派重要作家。亦能词,其词风格与诗相近,以拗峭惊警见长。但其诗、词存在着内容狭窄、词意艰涩之病。著有《后山先生集》,词有《后山词》。
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