酬朱监纪四辅
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清代]：顾炎武
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十载江南事已非，与君辛苦各生归。
愁看京口三军溃，痛说扬州十日围。
碧血未消今战垒，白头相见旧征衣。
东京朱祜年犹少，莫向尊前叹式微。
酬朱监纪四辅译文及注释
译文
故国已经远去十年了，处处物是人非，我和你辛苦遭逢，艰难生存在现今。
我想起京口三军溃败就愁闷，想起扬州血洗十日便内心万分悲苦。
死国难的烈士们血洒疆场，那段历史不可遽消，而此刻不得不面对白头早衰了。
你要学汉时朱祜，不要消沉与哀叹。
注释
朱监纪四辅：朱四辅，明末秀才，在明时曾任监纪推官、监纪提刑，为诗人友人。
十载：指明亡已去十年。
扬州十日：指明亡后顺治二年（1645）四月，清兵攻破扬州，在扬州城里大肆屠杀淫掠的时候，有一个市民王秀楚躲在空屋中，活了下来。他把他在清兵破城前后十余日中目睹之事，一一写出，为《扬州十日记》。
碧血：碧是一种青绿色的美石，玉类。后常用以称颂为国死难的人。
朱祜（hù）：东汉名将，曾举兵平定延岑残党，防备匈奴。后拜建武大将军，封鬲侯。
式微：先秦时代民歌。
参考资料：
1、韦明铧．扬州文化谈片．江苏：广陵书社，2004：218
2、傅德岷．湖北．中国华诗词鉴赏辞典：湖北辞书出版社，2005：208
酬朱监纪四辅创作背景
顾炎武作此诗是在顺治十年（1653），那吋明亡已十年了。顾炎武与朱四辅相酬，在满怀的悲悼亡国之痛中，仍有一种“大海无平期，我心无绝时”（《精卫》）的坚定信念，诗人咏叹故国的沦亡时事的变迁，并以强烈的爱国激情与民族气概与友人同勉。
参考资料：
1、傅德岷．湖北．中国华诗词鉴赏辞典：湖北辞书出版社，2005：208
酬朱监纪四辅鉴赏
诗的首联是大难之后的感喟之词。古人感叹世事变迁，常以物是人非相称。而在这清初的十年中，经历了生死交关的艰难历程不仅人非、物非，事事皆非，诗人和朱四辅都是经过了曲折艰辛的“辛苦”归程，九死一生，才得以“生归”活着过来。回首往事，自心中升起一种沉痛悲凉的沧桑感。更尤有盛者，明清易代之际的历史，尤其在江南一带，是比任何改朝换代都更加惨绝人寰的。
颔联是对历史的沉痛回顾。明崇祯十七年（1644）三月，北京城破。五月，福王朱由崧称帝，命史可法督师于扬州。由于南明朝廷昏庸，内讧不断，致使清兵长驱南下。顺治二年（1645）四月，清兵制造了“扬州十日”历史事件。五月，南明弘光帝被俘，次年死。顾炎武这里只是指出了当时历史最沉痛的一刻。“愁”是愁南明旧朝的昏聩，“痛”是痛满清新朝的暴酷，一“愁”一“痛”之间，蕴含了历史的悲感。
颈联写时光如水逝，历史犹在目。“碧血未消今战垒，白头相见旧征衣”。据史料记载，明末清初，各地反清武装斗争连绵起伏，一直延续了四十年，“碧血末消”既表现了反清斗争的激烈、烈士们的血洒疆场，又表现了仁人志士坚强不屈的意志。诗人写诗时是四十岁，不当以老人自称的，这里的“白头相见”显然流露出了一种人生短暂功业未就恢复大计遥遥无期的惆怅与感慨，然而顾炎武虽然是艰难困苦，他还是念念不忘那为之奋斗的理想，于是与友人相见，自然而然地叙起了从前的战争生涯。这一联看似平淡，然而平淡之处自有心胸的流露，与友人相对，他想到的不仅是旧日的那不堪回首的往事，他为之奋斗的是未来他那复明的理想境界。
尾联诗人与友人互勉，寄希望于来者。诗人为了理想的未来，他告诫友人不要叹息，要像古代的英雄那样去奋斗：“东京朱祜年犹少，莫向尊前叹式微”。这两句，诗人是以朱祜比朱四辅。“式微”这里代指哀叹，是鼓励朱四辅不要意志消沉，不要只是哀怨悲叹，而要像东汉的朱祜那样建功立业，为恢复故国而努力。这里不仅是鼓励友人，实际上也是在表现自己那不屈服的坚强意志。
这首诗悲叹往事凄楚动人，但格调并不仅仅流于低沉凄婉，在哀伤悲凉之中同样也洋溢着慷慨激昂积极向上的热情，这热情是顾炎武其诗的热情，也是其人的热情。
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刘辰翁《
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段克己《
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满江红·过汴梁故宫城》
顾炎武简介
唐代·顾炎武的简介
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顾炎武（1613.7.15-1682.2.15），汉族，明朝南直隶苏州府昆山（今江苏省昆山市）千灯镇人，本名绛，乳名藩汉，别名继坤、圭年，字忠清、宁人，亦自署蒋山佣；南都败后，因为仰慕文天祥学生王炎午的为人，改名炎武。因故居旁有亭林湖，学者尊为亭林先生。明末清初的杰出的思想家、经学家、史地学家和音韵学家，与黄宗羲、王夫之并称为明末清初“三大儒”。其主要作品有《日知录》、《天下郡国利病书》、《肇域志》、《音学五书》、《韵补正》、《古音表》、《诗本音》、《唐韵正》、《音论》、《金石文字记》、《亭林诗文集》等。
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