潭州
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唐代]：李商隐
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陶公战舰空滩雨，贾傅承尘破庙风。
目断故园人不至，松醪一醉与谁同。
潭州译文及注释
译文
当黄昏的余晖笼罩着潭州，信步登上官舍的空楼。眼前的景色触动情怀，古今多少事齐集眼下，涌上心头。
高高的九嶷山上有故君的墓丘，滋润竹色的泪痕记录着心中的哀愁。屈原在楚歌中展现着美丑，他为兰花的芳心易改痛心疾首。
当年陶侃的战舰摧枯拉朽，如今荒弃的沙滩只有雨声依旧。贾谊的破庙年久失修，呜呜的风声诉说着其中的缘由。
我在故园久久地等候，看不见应约前来的老友。准备了潭州特产松醪名酒，谁与我开怀畅饮一醉方休？
注释
潭州：唐代为湖南观察使治所，在今湖南长沙市。
无端：没来由地。
湘泪：传说舜南巡，死于苍梧之野。他的两个妃子哭舜，泪滴竹上，遂生斑点，所以称湘妃竹。
楚歌：指屈原的《离骚》、《九歌》、《九章》等。
陶公：指东晋陶侃，其墓在今湘潭。侃曾作江夏太守，抗击叛将陈恢，以运船为战舰，所向必破。后又讨杜搜、平苏峻，封长沙郡公。
贾傅：指贾谊，曾为长沙王太傅。长沙有贾谊庙，庙即贾谊宅。承尘：天花板。
参考资料：
1、宋金鼎著．李商隐诗今译：海燕出版社，2012.08：第122页
潭州创作背景
这首诗可能作于唐宣宗大中二年（848），其年五月诗人由桂林返长安，曾在潭州逗留。诗人居于潭州官舍，当傍晚来临，暮色渐浓，不禁心有感触，独自登楼。望当前之景，遥想古今，顿生无尽感慨，写下这首诗。
参考资料：
1、乐云主编．唐宋诗鉴赏全典：崇文书局，2011.11：第564页
潭州鉴赏
首联“潭州官舍暮楼空，今古无端入望中”，“空”字传神，诗人身居潭州官舍，暮色中独登空楼，远眺之中，古今多少事一起涌上心头。“今古无端入望中”，已暗示明为吊古，实为伤今。陆昆曾谓“言之所及在古，心之所伤在今，故曰今古无端”，颇能道出诗人用意及构思特点。
颔联“湘泪浅深滋竹色，楚歌重叠怨兰丛”，浅深与重迭，为反义连用词与同义连用词相对，竹色与兰丛，草木名相对。望“竹色”而怀“湘泪”，借二妃事而哭武宗；见“兰丛”而怀“楚歌”，借屈原事而刺宣宗、白敏中。所谓“怨兰丛”，就是怨排斥异己，贬逐会昌有功旧臣的白敏中、令狐绚辈。
颈联“陶公战舰空滩雨，贾傅承尘破庙风”，上句借陶侃暗寓会昌有功之将帅之遭冷遇，下句则以贾谊长沙事暗寓会昌有功文臣之遭贬斥。李德裕的功高陶侃，规划同于贾谊，却被罢斥，引起诗人无限感慨。
尾联“目断故园人不至，松醪一醉与谁同”联与首联照应，进一步表现自己的孤寂的情怀，慨叹世无知音，无人了解自己的心意，抒发自己身世凄凉的怨愤。
这首诗用典使文辞妍丽，声调和谐，对仗工整，结构谨严，而增加外形之美，与丰富之内涵。如陶公句，借当年陶侃之战功显赫，以暗讽当今之摒弃贤能。贾傅句，借贾谊祠中之蛛网尘封，风雨侵凌景象，而寓人才埋没之感，又切合潭州之地，典中情景，与诗人当时之情景，融成一体。
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李白《
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山中问答》
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苏轼《
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昭君怨·送别》
李商隐简介
唐代·李商隐的简介
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李商隐，字义山，号玉溪（谿）生、樊南生，唐代著名诗人，祖籍河内（今河南省焦作市）沁阳，出生于郑州荥阳。他擅长诗歌写作，骈文文学价值也很高，是晚唐最出色的诗人之一，和杜牧合称“小李杜”，与温庭筠合称为“温李”，因诗文与同时期的段成式、温庭筠风格相近，且三人都在家族里排行第十六，故并称为“三十六体”。其诗构思新奇，风格秾丽，尤其是一些爱情诗和无题诗写得缠绵悱恻，优美动人，广为传诵。但部分诗歌过于隐晦迷离，难于索解，至有“诗家总爱西昆好，独恨无人作郑笺”之说。因处于牛李党争的夹缝之中，一生很不得志。死后葬于家乡沁阳（今河南焦作市沁阳与博爱县交界之处）。作品收录为《李义山诗集》。
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