滟滪堆
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唐代]：杜甫
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巨积水中央，江寒出水长。
沈牛答云雨，如马戒舟航。
天意存倾覆，神功接混茫。
干戈连解缆，行止忆垂堂。
滟滪堆译文及注释
译文
在瞿塘峡那湍流之中，巍然立着一堆巨石。到了江寒水浅之时，巨石出水很高。
把牛沉于水中，以祭山林川泽。即使得到保护，在滟滪堆如马时也绝不可行船。
这是上天有意使航船存在倾覆危险，于是造物神功设此石立于茫茫水中以戒行。
把系船的缆绳解开。因靠近堂屋的屋檐之下，堂屋屋檐檐瓦坠落可能会伤到人。
注释
滟滪（yàn yù ）堆 ：长江瞿塘峡口的险滩，在四川省奉节县东。
巨积：谓物品成堆。
出水：出自水中。
沉牛：亦作“沈牛”。 谓古代沉牛于水，以祭川泽。
如马：形容滟滪堆之大。 舟航：行船。
倾覆：倒塌；翻倒。
神功：神灵的功力。混茫：亦作“混芒”，指广大无边的境界。
干戈：指战争。《史记·儒林列传序》：“然尚有干戈，平定四海，亦未暇遑庠序之事也。”
垂堂：靠近堂屋檐下。
参考资料：
1、(宋)乐史|校注:王文楚．太平寰宇记．北京：中华书局，2007-11-01：1101
2、上海古籍出版社编辑部．全唐诗．上海：上海古籍出版社，1986年10月：997-998
3、张燕瑾 等 ．唐诗鉴赏辞典．上海：上海辞书出版社，1983：199-201
4、葛景春．杜甫诗选．郑州：中州古籍出版社， 2011年10月：89-90
滟滪堆创作背景
杜甫在寓居成都时，得到好友严武的照顾。而严武去世后，也不得不离开成都，离开寄居已久的草堂，再次过着漂泊的生活。杜甫沿长江顺流东下，于唐大历元年（公元766年）至奉节，也就是当时的夔州。本诗就是过瞿塘峡滟滪堆时，触景生情所作。
参考资料：
1、葛景春 ．杜甫诗选 ．郑州 ：中州古籍出版社，2011年10月：88
滟滪堆鉴赏
《滟滪堆》出自《全唐诗》卷二百二十九，此诗描绘了滟滪堆雄浑险恶，表达了诗人对国运衰微，仕途不济命途多舛的忧虑与无奈。
首联“巨石水中央，江寒出水长。”开门见山，突出滟滪堆之大，接着下句表现了滟滪堆之高，其中一个“巨”字和一个“长”字，不但突出了滟滪堆之高之险，而且给人以望而生畏之感。
颔联“沉牛答云雨，如马戒舟航。”这两句化用了当时的谚语之意。谚曰：“滟滪大如马，瞿塘不可下，滟滪大如鳖，瞿塘行舟绝，滟滪大如龟，瞿塘不可窥，滟滪大如袱，瞿塘不可触。“这一联承上而来，突出了滟滪堆的险恶之势。
颈联在诗人看来，这是上天有意使航船存在着倾覆的危险，于是就使造物神功设此巨石，立于茫茫水中以戒行船。在此，把滟滪险滩化为水候（即水在不同季节变化的情状，并成为警戒行船的标石）。
尾联诗人在战乱中，漂泊不定从成都乘船辗转至夔州，一路走来险象环生。故最后一句写道：“行止忆垂堂。”“垂堂”因檐瓦坠落可能伤人以此喻危险的境地。从诗人对自然环境的描写以及以“忆垂堂”为结，不仅写出诗人无尽的忧虑，同时也反映出当时动乱的现状。杜甫无时不期望着能够平息叛乱，社会归于安定。
在艺术上，这首诗歌主要表现在以下几方面：首先，借物抒情，从诗歌来看，好似在写“滟滪堆”的自然险恶，而实际上诗人抒发了“行止忆垂堂”的忧虑心情。其次，侧面描写，诗人在诗歌中，多次引用典故谚语，从侧面突出了要表现的情感。
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姜夔《
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汉宫春·次韵稼轩蓬莱阁》
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姜夔《
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姑苏怀古》
杜甫简介
唐代·杜甫的简介
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杜甫（712－770），字子美，自号少陵野老，世称“杜工部”、“杜少陵”等，汉族，河南府巩县（今河南省巩义市）人，唐代伟大的现实主义诗人，杜甫被世人尊为“诗圣”，其诗被称为“诗史”。杜甫与李白合称“李杜”，为了跟另外两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别开来，杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。他忧国忧民，人格高尚，他的约1400余首诗被保留了下来，诗艺精湛，在中国古典诗歌中备受推崇，影响深远。759-766年间曾居成都，后世有杜甫草堂纪念。
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