赠渔父
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唐代]：杜牧
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芦花深泽静垂纶，月夕烟朝几十春。
自说孤舟寒水畔，不曾逢著独醒人。
赠渔父译文及注释
译文
在芦花丛中，深泽之滨，一位老者在静静地垂钓，这位垂钓的老人已经历了几十个春秋的烟朝月夕。
说自己在孤舟上、寒水畔、几十年来未遇到过屈原这样的独醒之人。
注释
纶（lún）：钓丝。
月夕：月明之夜，即指夜晚。
烟朝：炊烟缭阳之早晨，即言早晨。
畔（pàn）：旁边。
不曾逢著独醒人：战国时屈原被放逐，遇见渔父，渔父问他何以至此？屈原曰：“举世皆浊我独清，众人皆醉我独醒，是以见放。”事见《楚辞·渔父》。
赠渔父创作背景
自屈原《渔父》之后，化用渔父典故的诗作甚多。杜牧也是化用渔夫典故，于是创作了这首诗。
参考资料：
1、上海辞书出版社文学鉴赏辞典编纂中心编．杜牧诗文鉴赏辞典：上海辞书出版社，2016.12：79-81
赠渔父鉴赏
这首诗为七言绝句，除“深”“逢”平仄不拘外，完全符合平起首句入韵格律。因为“垂纶”即垂钓，所以这首诗描写的正足孤独的垂钓者。钓者独处静谧之地，长潜烟雨之中，不与人世相通。诗名《赠渔父》，自然要赞美渔父。全诗通过环境描写，虚拟对话，刻画了与地无争的老者形象。
第一句的正面环境描写勾勒了山泽野趣，而第三句是其补充。芦花盛开，一江皆白，蔚为壮观。芦苇一般九月开花，北方降温，故称“寒水”。杜牧另一首《泊秦淮》也曾写过“烟笼寒水夜笼纱，夜泊秦淮近酒家”。三国魏刘桢《赠从弟》曾曰“岂无园中葵，懿此出深泽”。“深泽”与“水畔”化用了战国屈原《渔父》的“游于江潭，行吟泽畔”。本句中，风来苇曳，鱼去纶摇，而一个“静”字反衬出了渔父娴熟的技巧和沉稳的心态。
第二句由空间转换到了时间。“月夕烟朝”是指晚上的月光和清晨的薄雾。由于夜钓和雾钓时能见度较低，垂钓肯看不清鱼漂，所以此句暗示渔父技艺高超。又由于所写时间是夜间，所以此句也暗示渔父昼伏舟中，离群索居。渔父隐逸自处，已非一日，而是“几十春”，彰显了坚定的意志和脱俗的境界。明儒杨慎《临江仙》的”白发渔樵江渚上，惯看秋月春风”与此格局相类，因置于《三国演义》开篇而脍炙人口。
第三、四句由描写转入记叙。秋冬岸边，喃喃自语。横舟独钓，皆遇醉人。“孤舟寒水”的意象化用了柳宗元《江雪》的“孤舟蓑笠翁，独钓寒江雪”。“独醒人”取自屈原的《渔父》，文中三闾大夫屈原解释自己被流放的原因正是“众人皆醉我独醒”。渔父未逢拔俗之士，说明他自己深悟归隐之道；老者向作者诉说岸边际遇，也暗示作者自训为世外高人。
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高适《
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送杨山人归嵩阳》
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佚名《
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青阳渡》
杜牧简介
唐代·杜牧的简介
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杜牧（公元803－约852年），字牧之，号樊川居士，汉族，京兆万年（今陕西西安）人，唐代诗人。杜牧人称“小杜”，以别于杜甫。与李商隐并称“小李杜”。因晚年居长安南樊川别墅，故后世称“杜樊川”，著有《樊川文集》。
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