山坡羊·骊山怀古
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元代]：张养浩
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骊山四顾，阿房一炬，当时奢侈今何处？只见草萧疏，水萦纡。至今遗恨迷烟树。列国周齐秦汉楚，赢，都变做了土；输，都变做了土。
山坡羊·骊山怀古译文及注释
译文
站在骊山上我四处张望，（雄伟瑰丽的）阿房宫已被付之一炬，当年奢侈的场面现在到哪里去了呢？只见衰草萧疏，水波旋绕。到现在那些遗恨已消失在烟雾弥漫的树林中了。（想想）自周、齐、秦、汉、楚等国至今。那些战胜了的国家，都化作为了土；（那些）战败了的国家，（也）都化作为了土。
注释
山坡羊：词牌名。
骊山：在今陕西临潼县东南。
阿房：阿房宫，秦宫殿名，故址在今陕西西安市西南阿房村。
一炬：指公元前206年12月，项羽引兵屠咸阳，“烧秦宫室，火三月不灭”（见《史记·项羽本纪》。故杜牧有“楚人一炬，可怜焦土。”（《阿房宫赋》）之叹息。
萦纡：形容水流回旋迂曲的样子。
列国：各国，即周、齐、秦、汉、楚。
参考资料：
1、齐义农．《诗情画意品读元曲》：光明日报出版社，2007年9月1日
山坡羊·骊山怀古创作背景
公元前206年秦朝灭亡，项羽攻入咸阳后阿房宫焚毁。张养浩途经骊山有所感而创作了《山坡羊·骊山怀古》这首小令。
参考资料：
1、钱海水等．《唐诗宋词鉴赏辞典》：上海文学出版社，2010
山坡羊·骊山怀古鉴赏
骊山（今西安市的东边），阿房宫当初的宫殿台基残存。杜牧在《阿房宫赋》中说：“骊山北构而西折，直走咸阳”，阿房宫从骊山建起，再向西直达咸阳，规模极其宏大，设施极其奢华。公元前206年秦朝灭亡，项羽攻入咸阳后阿房宫焚毁。张养浩途经骊山有所感而创作了这首“骊山怀古”小令。开头三句“骊山四顾，阿房一炬，当时奢侈今何处？”回顾骊山的历史，曾是秦朝宫殿的所在，被大火焚烧之后，当时的歌台舞榭、金块珠砾都已不复存在，诗人用“今何处”一个问句，强调了对从古到今历史所发生的巨大变化的感慨，并自然而然地引出了下文“只见草萧疏，水萦纡。”再不见昔日豪华的宫殿，只有野草稀疏地铺在地上，河水在那里迂回的流淌。草的萧索，水的萦纡更加重了作者怀古伤今的情感分量。
第六七句说：“至今遗恨迷烟树。列国周齐秦汉楚。”到如今，秦王朝因奢侈、残暴而亡国的遗恨已消失在烟树之间了。而这种亡国的遗恨不只有秦朝才有，周朝、战国列强直到汉楚之争，哪个不抱有败亡的遗恨呢？实际上作者在这里寄托了一种讽刺，是说后人都已遗忘了前朝败亡的教训！元朝统治者在夺得政权之后更奢侈挥霍无度，全然不顾国库空虚社会经济急待调整。
张养浩对当时的状况心怀不满，但想到列国的历史，又觉得从夺得政权，到奢侈暴戾，到最终败亡，乃是历代封建王朝的共同结局。杜牧说阿旁宫“楚人一炬，可怜焦土”，作者正是由此引申开来写道：“赢，都变做了土；输，都变做了土。”这句结尾句式相同的两句是说无论输赢，奢侈的宫殿最后都会归于死亡，“都变做了土”，我们可以看作这是对封建王朝的一种诅咒，更是对封建王朝社会历史的规律性的概括。张养浩在另一首《山坡羊·潼关怀古》的结尾说：“兴，百姓苦；亡，百姓苦。”这是从百姓的角度看封建王朝的更迭，带给人民的全是苦难。而这首小令则是从王朝的统治者的角度来谈的，封建统治者无论输赢成败最终都逃脱不了灭亡的命运。它虽不及“潼关怀古”思想深刻，但也提示出了一种历史的必然，还是比较有意义的。
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刘禹锡《
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酬乐天扬州初逢席上见赠》
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张养浩简介
唐代·张养浩的简介
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张养浩（1269—1329年），汉族，字希孟，号云庄，山东济南人，元代著名散曲家。诗、文兼擅，而以散曲著称。代表作有《山坡羊·潼关怀古》等。
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