蒹葭
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两汉]：佚名
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蒹葭苍苍，白露为霜。所谓伊人，在水一方。
溯洄从之，道阻且长。溯游从之，宛在水中央。
蒹葭萋萋，白露未晞。所谓伊人，在水之湄。
溯洄从之，道阻且跻。溯游从之，宛在水中坻。
蒹葭采采，白露未已。所谓伊人，在水之涘。
溯洄从之，道阻且右。溯游从之，宛在水中沚。
蒹葭译文及注释
译文
河边芦苇青苍苍，秋深露水结成霜。 意中之人在何处？就在河水那一方。
逆着流水去找她，道路险阻又太长。 顺着流水去找她，仿佛在那水中央。
河边芦苇密又繁，清晨露水未曾干。 意中之人在何处?就在河岸那一边。
逆着流水去找她，道路险阻攀登难。 顺着流水去找她，仿佛就在水中滩。
河边芦苇密稠稠，早晨露水未全收。 意中之人在何处?就在水边那一头。
逆着流水去找她，道路险阻曲难求。 顺着流水去找她，仿佛就在水中洲。
注释
蒹（jiān）：没长穗的芦苇。葭（jiā）：初生的芦苇。苍苍：鲜明、茂盛貌。下文“萋萋”、“采采”义同。
苍苍： 茂盛的样子。
为：凝结成。
所谓：所说的，此指所怀念的。
伊人：那个人，指所思慕的对象。
一方：那一边。
溯洄：逆流而上。下文“溯游”指顺流而下。一说“洄”指弯曲的水道，“游”指直流的水道。
从：追寻。
阻：险阻，（道路）难走。
宛：宛然，好像。
晞（xī）：干。
湄：水和草交接的地方，也就是岸边。
跻（jī）：水中高地。
坻（chí）：水中的沙滩
涘（sì）：水边。
右：迂回曲折。
沚（zhǐ）：水中的沙滩。
参考资料：
1、姜亮夫 等．先秦诗鉴赏辞典．上海：上海辞书出版社，1998：248-251
2、陈国林．高中生必背古诗文．北京：龙门书局出版社，2012：146-148
蒹葭创作背景
关于这首诗的内容，历来意见分歧很大。在这里，我们姑且先把它当作一首爱情诗来解读：为追求心中思慕之人不可得而作。《蒹葭》属于《秦风》。秦风共十篇，大都是东周时代这个区域的民歌。
参考资料：
1、王秀梅 译注．诗经（上）：国风．北京：中华书局，2015：252-254
蒹葭鉴赏
如果把诗中的“伊人”认定为GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情人、恋人，那么，这首诗就是表现了抒情主人公对美好爱情的执著追求和追求不得的惆怅心情。精神是可贵的，感情是真挚的，但结果是渺茫的，处境是可悲的。
然而这首诗最有价值意义、最令人共鸣的东西，不是抒情主人公的追求和失落，而是他所创造的“在水一方”可望难即这一具有普遍意义的艺术意境。好诗都能创造意境。意境是一种格局、一种结构，它具有含容一切具备相似格局、类同结构的异质事物的性能。“在水一方”的结构是：追寻者——河水——伊人。由于诗中的“伊人”没有具体所指，而河水的意义又在于阻隔，所以凡世间一切因受阻而难以达到的种种追求，都可以在这里发生同构共振和同情共鸣。
由此看来，不妨把《蒹葭》的诗意理解为一种象征，把“在水一方”看作是表达社会人生中一切可望难即情境的一个艺术范型。这里的“伊人”，可以是贤才、友人、GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>情人，可以是功业、理想、前途，甚至可以是福地、圣境、仙界；这里的“河水”，可以是高山、深堑，可以是宗法、礼教，也可以是现实人生中可能遇到的其他任何障碍。只要有追求、有阻隔、有失落，就都是它的再现和表现天地。如此说来，古人把蒹葭解为劝人遵循周礼、招贤、怀人，今人把它视作爱情诗，乃至有人把它看作是上古之人的水神祭祖仪式，恐怕都有一定道理，似不宜固执其一而否决其他，因为它们都包蕴在“在水一方”的象征意义之中。
自然，当我们处在与“在水一方”类似的境遇时，应当欣赏的是它的锐意追求，而不是它的悲观失望。这首诗以水、芦苇、霜、露等意象营造了一种朦胧、清新又神秘的意境。早晨的薄雾笼罩着一切，晶莹的露珠已凝成冰霜。一位羞涩的少女缓缓而行。诗中水的意象正代表了女性，体现出女性的美，而薄薄的雾就像是少女蒙上的纱。她一会出现在水边，一会又出现在水之洲。寻找不到，急切而又无奈的心情正如蚂蚁爬一般痒，又如刀绞一般痛。就像我们常说的“距离产生美感”，这种美感因距离变得朦胧，模糊，不清晰。主人公和伊人的身份、面目、空间位置都是模糊的，给人以雾里看花、若隐若现、朦胧缥缈之感。蒹葭、白露、伊人、秋水，越发显得难以捉摸，构成了一幅朦胧淡雅的水彩画。诗的每章开头都采用了赋中见兴的笔法。通过对眼前真景的描写与赞叹，绘画出一个空灵缥缈的意境，笼罩全篇。诗人抓住秋色独有的特征，不惜用浓墨重彩反复进行描绘、渲染深秋空寂悲凉的氛围，以抒写诗人怅然若失而又热烈企慕的心境。诗每章的头两句都是以秋景起兴，引出正文。它既点明了季节与时间，又渲染了蒹苍露白的凄清气氛，烘托了人物怅惘的心情，达到了寓情于景、情景交融的艺术境地。“蒹葭”、“水”和“伊人”的形象交相辉映，浑然一体，用作起兴的事物与所要描绘的对象形成一个完整的艺术世界。开头写秋天水边芦苇丛生的景象，这正是“托象以明义”，具有“起情”的作用。因为芦苇丛生，又在天光水色的映照之下，必然会呈现出一种迷茫的境界，这就从一个侧面显示了诗的主人公心中的那个“朦胧的爱”的境界。王夫之《姜斋诗话》说：“关情者景，自与情相为珀芥也。情景虽有在心在物之分。而景生情，情生景，哀乐之触，荣悴之迎，互藏其宅”，《蒹葭》这首诗就是把暮秋特有景色与人物委婉惆怅的相思感情浇铸在一起，从而渲染了全诗的气氛，创造了一个扑朔迷离、情景交融的意境，正是“一切景语皆情语”的体现。总之，《蒹葭》诗的丰富美感，不论是从欣赏的角度，还是从创作的角度，颇值得我们重视和予以认真探讨。
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佚名《
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国风·魏风·硕鼠》
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杜耒《
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寒夜》
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宋代：
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明代：
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梁有誉
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长公不可作，遗像见丰标。台接丹丘月，门临沧海潮。
一官空白首，十载为青苗。玉简芳名纪，瑶编绮思饶。