楚吟
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唐代]：李商隐
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山上离宫宫上楼，楼前宫畔暮江流。
楚天长短黄昏雨，宋玉无愁亦自愁。
楚吟译文及注释
译文
崔巍的山峰上耸立着离宫的的宫楼，宫楼前的江畔但见暮江东去沧海横流。
苍苍茫茫的楚国的天空黄昏总是风雨迷漫，宋玉即便是无愁也不能不发愁。
注释
山：指巫山。
离宫：巫山西北的楚宫。即是宋玉在《高唐赋并序》里面所写的宋玉与楚襄王一同游览的地方。
长短：无论长短。即“总之”，“横竖”。
宋玉：战国楚辞赋家，其在《九辩》中有“余萎约而悲愁”，诗人此处以宋玉自况，感慨身世之悲。
楚吟创作背景
此诗冯浩《玉溪生诗集笺注》认为是公元840年（开成五年）至公元841年（会昌元年）春李商隐楚游时所作，张采田《玉溪生年谱会笺》定为公元848年（大中二年）夏作者离开桂管观察使郑亚幕府之后，留滞荆楚时作。两说何者为确，似难判断。
参考资料：
1、上海辞书出版社文学鉴赏辞典编纂中心．《唐诗鉴赏辞典》．上海市：上海辞书出版社，2012.01：1873-1875
楚吟鉴赏
此诗是一首咏史诗，是借吟咏楚国之事表达作者思想感情的一首七绝。
“山上离宫宫上楼，楼前宫畔暮江流”这两句写了四种景物，句中的“山”指巫山，“离宫”是楚宫，“江”即长江。这两句采用顶针的句式，重叠楼、宫，加重加深其意，强调其主体地位，以扣紧题中“楚”字。头一句由“山上”到“离宫”，再到宫上之楼，由下而上，一层一层向高处描写；次句又由楼而宫，由宫而江，由上而下，一层一层向低处描写，这样描写凸显出了明显的立体感。“暮江流”的“流”字，又透露出时光流驰的无穷无尽。从此宫此楼出现之日，流到此时，以后还将流到永远。昔日的楚国已成陈迹，只有离宫依旧，暮江东流，景中充满古今变迁和岁月易逝的慨叹。
上面两句，已写出一派荒凉景象，第三句“楚天长短黄昏雨”，又用重笔再加渲染。这句取象构词，意含双关，构思非常巧妙。它既是实写眼前之景，“黄昏雨”三字，又暗用宋玉《高唐赋并序》中巫山神女自称“旦为行云，暮为行雨”的语意和《神女赋并序》所载楚襄王梦神女事。“长短”二字既可作偏义复词，取“长”之义，形容楚天，因为巫峡一带，江两岸削壁千仞，对峙入云，只见长天，幽远莫测，“巫山巫峡气萧森”（杜甫《秋兴八首》）；又可形容暮雨，言其长长短短，似断似续，给楚宫蒙上一层如梦似幻的气氛，与襄王梦会神女之事相合。而上句之江特取“暮”江，此句之雨特写“黄昏”之雨，则是意在渲染环境的凄楚。
以上三句均为写景，可以说画出了一幅“楚宫暮雨图”。暮色凄迷，凄风苦雨洒落江上，楚宫一片荒废，一切都牵动人的愁怀。所以结句说，当年宋玉对此情景，即使无愁，也会悲愁不已，点出全诗主旨。“无愁”和“亦自愁”对比成文，故为跌宕，更见出悲愁之深。
因为前面三句已把凄惋哀愁的气氛渲染得非常浓重，所以末句就显得非常自然。“宋玉无愁亦自愁”一句中，这“愁”表面看去仅仅是因景而生，实则也是语义双关。宋玉《九辩》说，楚国国势危殆，贤才失路，“坎廪（困顿，不得志）兮贫士失职而志不平”，“余萎约（衰萎瘦损）而悲愁”。此与上句用“黄昏雨”暗指襄王荒淫腐败，文意正是一贯，所以由此可见作者用意。李商隐政治上亦是极不得志，几乎一生都在幕僚中度过。所以诗中的宋玉，其实就是作者的化身，诗中表现的，就是作者岁月蹉跎、壮志未酬的怨愤，对统治者不用贤才的愤懑，以及对唐王朝前途的忧虑。
全诗看来，此诗语言明白如话，艺术构思非常巧妙。诗中不实写史事，不发议论，而是用围绕主题的各种有代表意义的景物，构成一个特殊的环境，用它引发人的感叹，以此寄托作者的思想感情。不但三、四两句语含双关，整首诗也意义双关。以末句的“愁”来说，就有三层意思：宋玉因景而生之愁，宋玉感慨国事身世之愁，宋玉之愁亦即作者之愁，三者融为一个整体，不着半丝痕迹，正是此诗的高明之处。
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郑燮《
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泜水》
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潘安《
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西征赋》
李商隐简介
唐代·李商隐的简介
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李商隐，字义山，号玉溪（谿）生、樊南生，唐代著名诗人，祖籍河内（今河南省焦作市）沁阳，出生于郑州荥阳。他擅长诗歌写作，骈文文学价值也很高，是晚唐最出色的诗人之一，和杜牧合称“小李杜”，与温庭筠合称为“温李”，因诗文与同时期的段成式、温庭筠风格相近，且三人都在家族里排行第十六，故并称为“三十六体”。其诗构思新奇，风格秾丽，尤其是一些爱情诗和无题诗写得缠绵悱恻，优美动人，广为传诵。但部分诗歌过于隐晦迷离，难于索解，至有“诗家总爱西昆好，独恨无人作郑笺”之说。因处于牛李党争的夹缝之中，一生很不得志。死后葬于家乡沁阳（今河南焦作市沁阳与博爱县交界之处）。作品收录为《李义山诗集》。
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