西施
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唐代]：罗隐
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西施若解倾吴国，越国亡来又是谁。
西施译文及注释
译文
国家兴亡衰败自有其时运，吴人又何苦埋怨是西施使他们国家灭亡的呢？
如果西施知道怎样颠覆吴国，那么后来让越国灭亡的又是谁呢？
注释
家国：家与国。亦指国家。
何苦：用反问语气表示不值得（可用否定式）。
解：懂，明白，理解。
亡：灭亡。
西施鉴赏
历来咏西施的诗篇多把亡吴的根由归之于女色，客观上为封建统治者开脱或减轻了罪责。罗隐这首小诗的特异之处，就是反对这种传统观念，破除了“女人是祸水”的论调，闪射出新的思想光辉。
“家国兴亡自有时，吴人何苦怨西施。”一上来，诗人便鲜明地摆出自己的观点，反对将亡国的责任强加在西施之类妇女身上。这里的“时”，即时会，指促成家国兴亡成败的各种复杂因素。“自有时”表示吴国灭亡自有其深刻的原因，而不应归咎于西施个人，这无疑是正确的看法。有人认为这里含有宿命论成分，其实是出于误解。“何苦”，劝解的口吻中含有嘲讽意味：你们自己误了国家大事，却想要归罪一个弱女子，真是何必呢！当然，挖苦的对象并非一般吴人，而是吴国统治者及其帮闲们。
“西施若解倾吴国，越国亡来又是谁？”后面这两句巧妙地运用了一个事理上的推论：如果说，西施是颠覆吴国的罪魁祸首，那么，越王并不宠幸女色，后来越国的灭亡又能怪罪于谁呢？尖锐的批驳通过委婉的发问语气表述出来，丝毫不显得剑拔弩张，而由于事实本身具有坚强的逻辑力量，读来仍觉锋芒逼人。
罗隐反对嫁罪妇女的态度是一贯的。僖宗广明年间（880—881），黄巢起义军攻入长安，皇帝仓皇出逃四川，至光启元年（885）才返回京城。诗人有《帝幸蜀》一首绝句记述这件事：“马嵬山色翠依依，又见銮舆幸蜀归。泉下阿蛮应有语，这回休更怨杨妃。”“阿蛮”即“阿瞒”的通假，是唐玄宗的小名。前一回玄宗避安史之乱入蜀，于马嵬坡缢杀杨妃以杜塞天下人口。这一回僖宗再次酿成祸乱奔亡，可找不到新的替罪羊了。诗人故意让九泉之下的玄宗出来现身说法，告诫后来的帝王不要诿过于人，讽刺是够辛辣的。联系《西施》作比照，一咏史，一感时，题材不同，而精神实质并无二致。这样看来，《西施》的意义又何止为历史作翻案而已！
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垓下怀古》
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辛弃疾《
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满江红·汉水东流》
罗隐简介
唐代·罗隐的简介
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罗隐（833-909），字昭谏，新城（今浙江富阳市新登镇）人，唐代诗人。生于公元833年（太和七年），大中十三年（公元859年）底至京师，应进士试，历七年不第。咸通八年（公元867年）乃自编其文为《谗书》，益为统治阶级所憎恶，所以罗衮赠诗说：“谗书虽胜一名休”。后来又断断续续考了几年，总共考了十多次，自称“十二三年就试期”，最终还是铩羽而归，史称“十上不第”。黄巢起义后，避乱隐居九华山，光启三年（公元887年），55岁时归乡依吴越王钱镠，历任钱塘令、司勋郎中、给事中等职。公元909年（五代后梁开平三年）去世，享年77岁。
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