茂陵
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唐代]：李商隐
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内苑只知含凤嘴，属车无复插鸡翘。
玉桃偷得怜方朔，金屋修成贮阿娇。
茂陵译文及注释
译文
汉家天子的马厩中，有西域天马蒲梢。一片片苜蓿石榴，遍布在长安近郊。
御花园内的侍从们，都知道神奇的续弦胶。原来皇帝出行的车队中，看不见汉武帝鸾车插鸡翘。
那聪明机灵的东方朔，曾偷过西王母的蟠桃。汉武帝发誓修造金屋，用来贮藏心爱的阿娇。
谁料到苏武从匈奴回国，再也见不到这一代英豪。他前去茂陵为皇帝守陵，只见茂陵松柏风雨萧萧。
注释
茂陵：陵墓名。汉武帝陵墓，在今陕西兴平县东北。
天马：骏马。蒲梢：古代骏马名。
苜蓿：豆科植物，原产新疆一带，因大宛马嗜食，汉武帝遣使采其种子遍植于离宫旁。榴花：石榴花。
内苑：内宫，诗里指宫中侍从。凤嘴：胶泥的名称。传说煮凤嘴、麟角作胶泥，可粘合弓弩刀剑的断裂处。
属车：皇帝侍从的座车。鸡翘：皇帝出巡时，属车上插有用羽毛装饰的旗，百姓称之为“鸡翘”。
玉桃：传说人吃了可长生不老的仙桃。方朔：东方朔，汉武帝时文人。
阿娇：汉武帝陈皇后的小名。传武帝年幼时曾说，如得阿娇为妻，将筑金屋以藏之。
苏卿：苏武，字子卿，武帝时出使匈奴，被扣留十九年，回国时武帝已死。
参考资料：
1、郑在瀛．李商隐诗全集 汇编汇注汇校：崇文书局，2015：327-328
2、霍松林．李贺李商隐韦应物杜牧诗精选200首：山西古籍出版社，1995：144-145
3、钟来茵．李商隐爱情诗解：学林出版社，1997：247-248
茂陵创作背景
此诗是李商隐结束各处幕府飘泊，晚年梓幕罢归返京经茂陵时所作，其时约为大中十年（856）归抵长安，任盐铁推官前。历来认为《茂陵》诗是诗人李商隐借咏汉武帝功过来隐寓他对唐武宗李炎的凭吊之情的一首七言律诗，细忖不无道理。
参考资料：
1、阳光．中国山川名胜诗文鉴赏辞典：中国经济出版社，1992：232-233
2、黄世中．类纂李商隐诗笺注疏解：黄山书社，2009：3444
茂陵鉴赏
首联咏汉武征讨大宛，出使西域，不仅获取了“蒲梢”千里马，在长安郊外到处都种上了从西域进贡来的石榴、苜蓿——这好比武宗皇帝抗击回鹘，迎接太和公主归国，又诛杀了昭义叛将刘稹等一样，均可算得上是名动朝野，“武功”堪夸。
颔联说汉武一味地爱打猎，弓弦断了，就将西海国献来的用麟角和风喙煮成的“续弦胶”拿来，用嘴濡湿粘好再射；经常微服私游，不用插。鸡翘”标志的随从车队陪驾，而屡冒风险——这又和武宗迷恋游猎，荒废政事，如出一辙。
颈联感叹汉武空好神仙，重色轻才，不爱惜东方朔般的贤士，却只知宠爱陈阿娇之类的后妃，发展到了“金屋贮美女，窥桃饿贤才”的不公地步；这和武宗不认真求贤致治，崇信道士赵归真，宠嬖王才人等宫嫔非常相似。
尾联总承上意作结：等到在匈奴持节牧羊十九载的忠臣苏武回到长安，奉旨哭祭长眠茂陵的汉武帝时，一切都成过去，连武帝陵冢上的松柏也在秋雨萧萧声中，散发出无尽的惋惜和哀愁；从李商隐的角度看问题，同样是想说：我丁母忧刚回京不久，武宗皇帝就大驾归天！从此国家和个人的前途都令人怅望洒泪，忧心忡忡了。
这首七言律诗综合使用了传统的赋、比、兴手法，借咏汉武帝的功过，在象征和隐寓中抒发了作者对唐武宗的影射式的批评；句句用事，事有出处，字斟句酌，个个到位；确实达到了典丽、凝练、形象、隽永的艺术高度；加之作者采用了“六二格”结构：即前六句分别叙说汉武帝的生平盛事，一气敷陈，不着议论，后二句掉笔收结，惋叹不尽而议论自出。这种用七言律诗叙述评论人物事件而不显呆板的主要原因是作者对所咏和所影射的历史人物认识深刻，了解透彻，加之有用典妥贴笔力扛鼎之功，所以第七句“谁料苏卿老归国”，从“实”事转笔，转得平地波澜，起伏有力，真正起到了一笔抹倒英雄，顿使江河绕道的作用，再用“茂陵松柏雨萧萧”一句景句虚结，这种高妙的“转合”手法，自然给读者留下了无穷的回味和联想。至于一、二句用“三肴”韵部的“梢”、“郊”，而四、六、八句用“二萧”韵部的“翘”、“娇”、“萧”等韵字，应当看作是晚唐语音变化，李商隐等名家有意扩大律诗理论上的“首句邻韵可通”的范围，为合韵写诗作词创造先例的一种贡献，不必认为是“出韵”。
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杜牧《
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过华清宫绝句三首》
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白居易《
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八骏图》
李商隐简介
唐代·李商隐的简介
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李商隐，字义山，号玉溪（谿）生、樊南生，唐代著名诗人，祖籍河内（今河南省焦作市）沁阳，出生于郑州荥阳。他擅长诗歌写作，骈文文学价值也很高，是晚唐最出色的诗人之一，和杜牧合称“小李杜”，与温庭筠合称为“温李”，因诗文与同时期的段成式、温庭筠风格相近，且三人都在家族里排行第十六，故并称为“三十六体”。其诗构思新奇，风格秾丽，尤其是一些爱情诗和无题诗写得缠绵悱恻，优美动人，广为传诵。但部分诗歌过于隐晦迷离，难于索解，至有“诗家总爱西昆好，独恨无人作郑笺”之说。因处于牛李党争的夹缝之中，一生很不得志。死后葬于家乡沁阳（今河南焦作市沁阳与博爱县交界之处）。作品收录为《李义山诗集》。
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清代：
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徐釚
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侬似浮萍漂泊里。不道留侬，到便侬留住。柳絮随风花落处。
为侬又惹閒情绪。
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晏坐信笔二首 其一
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：
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陈振家
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孤根悬绕托岩屏，寸土得生真福庭。未敢恃才轻命数，岂将俗理诘苍冥。
溪山久处有清气，人事多争损性灵。自落天涯无挂碍，吟魂欲共远峰青。