水龙吟·梨花
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宋代]：周邦彦
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素肌应怯余寒，艳阳占立青芜地。樊川照日，灵关遮路，残红敛避。传火楼台，妒花风雨，长门深闭。亚帘栊半湿，一枝在手，偏勾引、黄昏泪。
别有风前月底。布繁英、满园歌吹。朱铅退尽，潘妃却酒，昭君乍起。雪浪翻空，粉裳缟夜，不成春意。恨玉容不见，琼英谩好，与何人比。
水龙吟·梨花译文及注释
译文
梨花亭亭玉立于艳阳普照的绿草地上，“樊川”、“灵关”，都是一片雪白梨花，残春落红，均收敛而去。清明时节春寒细雨、风妒红花，寂寞黄昏，满院梨花不开门。半湿的梨花树枝压窗门上，闲折一枝，偏勾引出多少黄昏泪。
更有那当年明皇梨园的风流韵事。想当年梨园里梨花香雪，丝竹管弦，何等兴会！胭脂和铅粉全无，潘妃辞酒，昭君之惊！“雪浪翻空，粉裳缟夜”的李花也不足以比梨花，不成春意。只恨玉容不见，梨花再好，又和何人比。
注释
水龙吟：词牌名。又名“龙吟曲”“庄椿岁”“小楼连苑”。《清真集》入“越调”。各家格式出入颇多。一百二字，前后片各四仄韵。又第九句第一字并是领格，宜用去声。结句宜用上一、下三句法，较二、二句式收得有力。
素肌：白色的肌肤，比喻洁白素雅的梨花。余寒：剩余的春寒，梨花开在晚春时节。
青芜地：杂草丛生的地方。
樊川：汉武帝时代的长安有一所名为“樊川”的梨园。照日：“日照”的倒装，以与“遮路”作对。敛：解作“收”。
传火：指清明日。清明节前二日为寒食，不举火，唐俗清明日皇帝取榆柳之火以赐近臣。楼台：代指近臣家。
妒花：语出杜甫《风雨看舟前落花，戏为新句》：“春寒细雨出疏篱，风妒红花却倒吹。”
长门深闭：用汉武帝陈皇后事，兼取刘方平《春怨》诗意：“寂寞黄昏春欲晚，梨花满院不开门。”
亚：作“压”解，动词，省略主语梨花。帘栊（lóng）：指居室的户帘及窗牖。
繁英：繁盛的花。
歌吹：歌声和乐声。
朱铅退尽：谓胭脂铅粉。
潘妃却酒：潘妃是南朝齐东昏侯之妃，小字玉儿，有姿色，性淫侈。却酒：指推辞不饮酒。饮则脸红，却则脸白，以喻梨花。
昭君：王昭君，汉南郡秭归（今属湖北）人，名嫱，字昭君。晋避司马昭讳，改称为明君，后人又称明妃。
缟（gǎo）夜：映照黑夜。
玉容：指女子的容貌。此指上述陈皇后、王昭君等美人。
琼英：本指雪花，此指梨花。谩：作”徒“或”空“解。
参考资料：
1、叶嘉莹 王强．周邦彦词新释辑评．北京：中国书店，2006：236-240
水龙吟·梨花创作背景
中国作家协会会员钱鸿瑛《柳周词传》云，此词或认为有《离骚》初服之意，有所寄托；也有人认为这首咏梨花的词纯为体物之作，不涉个人怀抱。其创作时间难以考证。
参考资料：
1、黄墨谷 等．唐宋词鉴赏辞典（唐·五代·北宋卷）．上海：上海辞书出版社，1988：1027-1029
水龙吟·梨花鉴赏
此词上片起笔“素肌应怯余寒，艳阳占立青芜地”用工笔描绘出梨花亭亭玉立于艳阳普照的绿草地上，合时合地，静穆归一。“素肌”喻梨花之色白。李白有诗：“柳色黄金嫩，梨花白雪香。”梨花开晚春时节，故说“应怯余寒”，“应”字，下得轻：“艳阳”，《花间集》毛熙震《小重山》：“群花谢，愁对艳阳天”；杜牧诗：“带叶梨花独送春”。梨花开时春草已长，所以说“占立青芜地”。“素肌”“怯余寒”“占立”，都是用拟人化手法。接下来，词人把境界再扩大，“樊川照日，灵关遮路，残红敛避”。这三句，用豪放之笔，勾画出一极壮阔的空间。此下，词人转笔写梨花开落的时间：“传火楼台，妒花风雨，长门深闭”，韩翃《寒食》诗：“日暮汉宫传蜡烛，轻烟散入五侯家”。美成将这两句诗概括成“传火楼台”四个字，极形象而有境界。这里的“楼台”即韩翃所称的五侯家。“传火楼台”四字合时间、空间而成境界。这三句中每句都切时令暮春，点化前人诗句，而能袭古弥新，使梨花的形象更为鲜明。最后以情结束上片内容，“亚帘栊半湿，一枝手，偏勾引、黄昏泪。”“亚帘栊半湿”，应解为半湿的梨花树枝压窗牖上。美成常用这种“拗句”作提笔入情，成为一篇之“警策”。白居易诗：“闲折两枝时手”。《花间集》薛昭蕴《离别难》：“偏能勾引泪阑干”。词人化用一诗一词之意，提炼成为“一枝手，偏勾引、黄昏泪”，“泪”前加“黄昏”，点明时间，此泪，是伤春之泪，甚而是怀人之泪，此中有人，呼之欲出。
过片出人意表，用“别有”二字急转，变换境界，以雄健之笔，宕开写去，用唐明皇以汉武帝梨园旧址，选子弟教法曲之事，创造一个新的境界。“风前月底”，只四个字，把当年明皇梨园的风流韵事作高度概括，“布繁英，满园歌吹”，想见当年梨园里梨花香雪，丝竹管弦，何等兴会！紧接用三个四字句：“朱铅退尽，潘妃却酒，昭君乍起”，再渲染梨花的洁白和梨花的性格。第一句喻其纯净。第二句将南齐东昏侯潘妃引入。史称妃颜色“絜（洁）美”。却酒不饮，红色不上脸，保持其洁白本色，以衬梨花之白。第三句，借琴操昭君歌有“梨叶萋萋”之句，便以昭君这位历史人物的美丽形象来作比兴。这一韵和上片第一韵同是运用拟人化手法，至此，就梨花本身传神写照，已无须再多言之。故下一韵起忽然转从对面落墨，于比较中见尊崇之意。首先拿来对比的是李花。李花也是白色的。韩愈诗：“风揉雨练雪羞比，波涛翻空杳无涘。”（《李花赠张十一署》）王安石诗：“积李兮缟夜，崇桃兮炫昼。”（《寄蔡氏女子》）作者由此化出“雪浪翻空，粉裳缟夜”二句，谓此李花“不成春意”，自不足以比梨花。以一“恨”字领三个四字句：“玉容不见，琼英谩好，与何人比！”白居易《长恨歌》用“玉容寂寞泪阑干，梨花一枝春带雨来形容太真妃的容貌，又以”马嵬坡下泥土中，不见玉颜空死处“说她的死，取其句意，词人这里暗指太真妃已再也见不到了。”琼英谩好“，琼英，谓雪。雪又称作”玉妃“，此双关雪与人。结句发出梨花的标格如今无人可比的叹息。
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朱晞颜《
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一萼红·盆梅》
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柳宗元《
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戏题阶前芍药》
周邦彦简介
唐代·周邦彦的简介
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周邦彦（1056年－1121年），中国北宋末期著名的词人，字美成，号清真居士，汉族，钱塘（今浙江杭州）人。历官太学正、庐州教授、知溧水县等。徽宗时为徽猷阁待制，提举大晟府。精通音律，曾创作不少新词调。作品多写闺情、羁旅，也有咏物之作。格律谨严。语言典丽精雅。长调尤善铺叙。为后来格律派词人所宗。旧时词论称他为“词家之冠”。有《清真集》传世。
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牡丹初剪时，已具新花眼。代谢不容发，笑杀铁门限。
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赠老医
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明代：
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王恭
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卖药囊中况有钱，长桑亲诀旧曾传。心知肘后岐黄秘，老向人间草木年。
杏满香林澄夕露，桔垂秋井漾寒泉。祗今黄发青山里，无那看云日醉眠。
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移梅
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元代：
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萨都剌
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几夜幽香恼梦魂，殷勤来倩陇头人。凿开东阁窗前地，分得西湖雪里春。
瘦影番来新体态，疏枝犹带旧精神。今朝伴我清吟处，不许诗怀更有尘。
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赠董士勉归海州并问讯刘贡寓学正
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明代：
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郑真
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风云浩渺泛灵槎，三径归来菊有花。疏广宅东天入海，龙且城外水囊沙。
宾筵且复成娱乐，帝阙终须拜宠嘉。好语黉宫刘博士，休将简策问生涯。