牡丹
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唐代]：李商隐
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锦帏初卷卫夫人，绣被犹堆越鄂君。
垂手乱翻雕玉佩，折腰争舞郁金裙。
石家蜡烛何曾剪，荀令香炉可待熏。
我是梦中传彩笔，欲书花叶寄朝云。
牡丹译文及注释
译文
织锦的帘帷刚刚卷起，是美艳的卫夫人；丝绣的褥被还堆拥着，是俊秀的越鄂君。
既像在垂手而舞，雕玉佩饰正零乱翻动；又像在弯腰而舞，郁金裙子正争相回旋。
它像石崇家的蜡烛，哪须常把烛芯剪去？它像荀令君的体肤，岂用香炉细细染熏？
我是诗人江淹，在梦中得到了那支彩笔，想把清丽的词句，题在花叶上寄给朝云。
注释
锦帏（wéi）：锦帐。南朝梁简文帝《书案铭》：“厕质锦帷，承芳绮缛。”卫夫人：春秋时卫灵公的夫人南子，以美艳著称。《典略》载，孔子回到卫国，受到南子接见。南子在锦帷中，孔子北面稽首，南子在帷中回拜，环佩之声璆然。此句原注：《典略》云：“夫子见南子在锦帏之中。”
“绣被”句：用鄂君举绣被拥越人的典故。据《说苑·善说篇》记载，鄂君子皙泛舟河中，划桨的越人唱歌表示对鄂君的爱戴，鄂君为歌所动，扬起长袖，举绣被覆之。此将牡丹喻为绣被拥裹的越人。或谓越鄂君系兼取美妇人美男子为比，见钱钟书《谈艺录补订》。
“垂手”句：《乐府解题》：大垂手言舞而垂其手，又有小垂手及独垂手。《乐府杂录》谓大垂手、小垂手的舞姿或如惊鸿，或如飞燕。故舞时玉佩乱翻。
折：一作“招”。折腰争舞：一作“细腰频换。”《西京杂记》：戚夫人善为翘袖折腰之舞。郁金裙：用郁金草染色的裙。
“石家”句：状牡丹之色如燃烧的大片烛焰。《世说新语·汰侈》载，石崇豪侈，“用蜡烛作炊”。蜡烛当柴烧，无须剪芯，故说“何曾剪”。
“荀令”句：谓牡丹之香自然生成，不须熏得。荀令即荀彧 ，字文若 ，为侍中，曾守尚书令。曹操所有军政之事均与他协商，呼之荀令君。
“我是”句：自诩有才。《南史·江淹传》载，江淹尝宿于冶亭，梦一丈夫自称郭璞，谓淹曰：‘吾有笔在卿处多年，可以见还。’淹乃探怀中得五色笔一以授之，尔后为诗，绝无美句。时人谓之才尽。
叶：一作“片”。朝云：指巫山神女。战国时楚怀王游高唐，昼梦幸巫山之女。后好事者为立庙，号曰“朝云”。唐元稹《白衣裳》诗：“闲倚屏风笑周昉，枉抛心力画朝云。”
参考资料：
1、彭定求 等．全唐诗（下）．上海：上海古籍出版社，1986：1366
2、陈永正．李商隐诗选译．成都：巴蜀书社，1991：8-10
牡丹创作背景
这首《牡丹》诗托物咏怀，当为李商隐早期的作品，其具体创作年份未详。
牡丹鉴赏
首联是单株牡丹的特写图。开头借用《典略》典故，以锦帷乍卷、容颜初露的卫夫人形容牡丹初放时的艳丽夺目含羞娇艳。次句用《说苑》典故，原典是鄂君举绣被拥越人，此谓“绣被犹堆越鄂君”，清人马位《秋窗随笔》及桂馥《札朴》已指出其为误用（桂谓当为“楚鄂君”）。诗人将牡丹的绿叶想象成鄂君的绣被，将牡丹花想象成绣被覆盖的越人，传神地描绘初开的牡丹花在绿叶的簇拥中鲜艳的风采。“犹堆”二字刻画花苞初盛时绿叶紧包的形状，与“初卷”相呼应。
颔联展示牡丹随风摇曳时的绰约丰姿。垂手、折腰都是舞名，亦指舞姿。玉佩指舞女身上佩戴的玉制饰物；郁金裙指郁金草染色的裙。这两句以舞者翩翩起舞时垂手折腰，佩饰翻动，长裙飘扬的轻盈姿态来作比喻，牡丹花叶在迎风起舞时起伏翻卷，摇曳多姿的形象。
前两联重在描绘牡丹静中的形态，颈联具体地描写了牡丹的色香。“石家蜡烛何曾剪”形容牡丹的颜色像燃烧着的大片烛火，却无须修剪烛芯。“何曾剪”西晋石崇豪奢至极，用蜡烛当柴，烛芯自不必剪。“荀令香炉可待熏”是说牡丹的芳香本自天生，岂待香炉熏烘。据说荀彧到人家，坐处三日香。旧时衣香皆由香炉熏成，荀令自然身香，所以说“可待熏”。
尾联写诗人陶醉于国色天香，恍惚梦见了巫山神女，盼望她传授一支生花彩笔，将思慕之情题写在这花叶上，寄给巫山神女。梦中传彩笔，典出《南史·江淹传》，这里反其意而用之，表明诗人心摇神荡的兴奋激动之情。
这首诗构思巧妙，借物比人，又以人拟物，借卫夫人、越人、贵家舞伎、石家燃烛、荀令香炉等故事描写牡丹花叶的风姿绰约、艳丽色彩和馥郁香味，使牡丹的情态毕现。最后诗人突发奇想，欲寄牡丹花叶于巫山神女。明写牡丹，暗颂佳人，一实一虚，别具一格，令人回味无穷。
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刘禹锡《
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思黯南墅赏牡丹》
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王维《
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红牡丹》
李商隐简介
唐代·李商隐的简介
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李商隐，字义山，号玉溪（谿）生、樊南生，唐代著名诗人，祖籍河内（今河南省焦作市）沁阳，出生于郑州荥阳。他擅长诗歌写作，骈文文学价值也很高，是晚唐最出色的诗人之一，和杜牧合称“小李杜”，与温庭筠合称为“温李”，因诗文与同时期的段成式、温庭筠风格相近，且三人都在家族里排行第十六，故并称为“三十六体”。其诗构思新奇，风格秾丽，尤其是一些爱情诗和无题诗写得缠绵悱恻，优美动人，广为传诵。但部分诗歌过于隐晦迷离，难于索解，至有“诗家总爱西昆好，独恨无人作郑笺”之说。因处于牛李党争的夹缝之中，一生很不得志。死后葬于家乡沁阳（今河南焦作市沁阳与博爱县交界之处）。作品收录为《李义山诗集》。
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王恭
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红烛离堂酒半醒，骊歌今夕若为听。故人好是身随桂，浮客空嗟迹类萍。
花屿晚钟湖上别，凤台春树梦中青。应知昼绣长林下，白首还来到玉瓶。
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题系马图
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元代：
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胡奎
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日日黄尘淹马足，谁能占得午阴凉。天闲刍豆无多恋，好解青丝八尺缰。