望洞庭湖赠张丞相
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唐代]：孟浩然
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欲济无舟楫，端居耻圣明。
坐观垂钓者，徒有羡鱼情。
望洞庭湖赠张丞相译文及注释
译文
秋水胜涨，几乎与岸平，水天含混迷茫与天空浑然一体。云梦大泽水气蒸腾白白茫茫，波涛汹涌似乎把岳阳城撼动。
我想渡水苦于找不到船与桨，圣明时代闲居委实羞愧难容。闲坐观看别人辛勤临河垂钓，只能白白羡慕被钓上来的鱼。
注释
张丞相：指张九龄（673-740），唐玄宗时宰相，后贬为荆州长史。
涵虚：包含天空，指天倒映在水中。涵：包容。虚：虚空，空间。
混太清：与天混成一体。清：指天空。
云梦泽：古时云泽和梦泽指湖北南部、湖南北部一代低洼地区。洞庭湖是它南部的一角。岳阳城：在洞庭湖东岸。
济：渡。
端居：安居。
耻(chǐ)圣明：有愧于圣明之世。圣明：指太平盛世，古时认为皇帝圣明社会就会安定。
徒：只能。
楫：（jí）划船用具，船桨
望洞庭湖赠张丞相创作背景
此诗当作于公元733年（唐玄宗开元二十一年）。当时孟浩然西游长安，张九龄任秘书少监、集贤院学士副知院士，二人及王维为忘年之交。后张九龄拜中书令，孟浩然写了这首诗赠给张九龄，目的是想得到张九龄的引荐。
参考资料：
1、于海娣 等 ．唐诗鉴赏大全集 ．北京 ：中国华侨出版社 ，2010年12月版 ：第47页 ．
望洞庭湖赠张丞相鉴赏
张丞相即张九龄，也是著名的诗人，官至中书令，为人正直。孟浩然想进入政界，实现自己的理想，希望有人能给予引荐。他在入京应试之前写这首诗给张九龄，就含有这层意思。
诗的前四句写洞庭湖壮丽的景象和磅礴的气势，后四句是借此抒发自己的政治热情和希望。
开头两句交代了时间，写出了浩瀚的湖水。湖水和天空浑然一体，景象是阔大的。“涵”，有包含的意思。“虚”，指高空。高空为水所包含，即天倒映在水里。“太清”指天空。“混太清”即水天相接。这两句是写站在湖边，远眺湖面的景色。三四两句继续写湖的广阔，但目光又由远而近，从湖面写到湖中倒映的景物：笼罩在湖上的水气蒸腾，吞没了云、梦二泽，“云、梦”是古代两个湖泽的名称，据说云泽在江北，梦泽在江南，后来大部分都淤成陆地。“撼”，摇动（动词，生动形象）。“岳阳城”，在洞庭湖东北岸，即今湖南岳阳市。西南风起时，波涛奔腾，涌向东北岸，好像要摇动岳阳城似的。“气蒸云梦泽，波撼岳阳城”(有的版本作“气吞云梦泽”)，读到这里很自然地会联想起王维的诗句：“郡邑浮前浦，波澜动远空”。整个城市都飘浮在水面上，微风吹起层层波澜，遥远的天空都在水中晃动。它们真有异曲同工之妙。
面对浩瀚的洞庭湖，自己意欲横渡，可是没有船只；生活在圣明的时世，应当贡献出自已的力量，但没有人推荐，也只好在家闲居，这实在有愧于这样的好时代。言外之意希望对方予以引荐。“济”，渡的意思。“楫”，船上的桨，这里也是借指船。“端居”，闲居；“圣明”，圣明之时，这里指太平时代。最后两句，说自己坐在湖边观看那些垂竿钓鱼的人，却白白地产生羡慕之情。古代俗语说，“临渊羡鱼，不如退而结网。”诗人借了这句谚语来暗喻自己有出来做一番事业的愿望，只怕没有人引荐，所以这里说“徒有”。希望对方帮助的心情是在字里行间自然流露出来的。
干谒诗是时代和历史相互作用的产物，一方面，士子们以之铺垫进身的台阶，因而言词颇多限制，作起来往往竭尽才思；另一方面，由于阅读对象或为高官显贵、或为社会贤达，干谒诗大多表现出含蓄的美学特征，作者也常以比体为之。
这是一首干谒诗。唐玄宗开元二十一年（733），孟浩然西游长安，写了这首诗赠当时在相位的张九龄，目的是想得到张的赏识和录用，只是为了保持一点身份，才写得那样委婉，极力泯灭那干谒的痕迹。
秋水盛涨，八月的洞庭湖装得满满的，和岸上几乎平接。远远望去，水天一色，洞庭湖和天空接合成了完完整整的一块。开头两句，写得洞庭湖极开朗也极涵浑，汪洋浩阔，与天相接，润泽着千花万树，容纳了大大小小的河流。
三、四句实写湖。“气蒸”句写出湖的丰厚的蓄积，仿佛广大的沼泽地带，都受到湖的滋养哺育，才显得那样草木繁茂，郁郁苍苍。而“波撼”两字放在“岳阳城”上，衬托湖的澎湃动荡，也极为有力。人们眼中的这一座湖滨城，好像瑟缩不安地匍伏在它的脚下，变得异常渺小了。这两句被称为描写洞庭湖的名句。但两句仍有区别：上句用宽广的平面衬托湖的浩阔，下句用窄小的立体来反映湖的声势。诗人笔下的洞庭湖不仅广阔，而且还充满活力。
下面四句，转入抒情。“欲济无舟楫”，是从眼前景物触发出来的，诗人面对浩浩的湖水，想到自己还是在野之身，要找出路却没有人接引，正如想渡过湖去却没有船只一样。对方原是丞相，“舟楫”这个典用得极为得体。“端居耻圣明”，是说在这个“圣明”的太平盛世，自己不甘心闲居无事，要出来做一番事业。这两句是正式向张丞相表白心事，说明自己目前虽然是个隐士，可是并非本愿，出仕求官还是心焉向往的，不过还找不到门路而已。
于是下面再进一步，向张丞相发出呼吁。“垂钓者”暗指当朝执政的人物，其实是专就张丞相而言。这最后两句，意思是说：执政的张大人啊，您能出来主持国政，我是十分钦佩的，不过我是在野之身，不能追随左右，替你效力，只有徒然表示钦羡之情罢了。这几句话，诗人巧妙地运用了“临渊羡鱼，不如退而结网”（《淮南子·说林训》）的古语，另翻新意；而且“垂钓”也正好同“湖水”照应，因此不大露出痕迹，但是他要求援引的心情是不难体味的。
作为干谒诗，最重要的是要写得得体，称颂对方要有分寸，不失身份。措辞要不卑不亢，不露寒乞相，才是第一等文字。这首诗委婉含蓄，不落俗套，艺术上自有特色。
《望洞庭湖赠张丞相》，是一首述怀诗，写得很委婉。在唐代，门阀制度是很森严的，一般的知识分子很难得有机会登上政治舞台。要想在政治上寻找出路，知识分子须向有权有势的达官贵人求助，写些诗文呈送上去，希望得到赏识，引荐提拔。公元733年，孟浩然西游长安，时值张九龄出任朝廷丞相，便写了这首诗赠给张九龄，希望他给予帮助。但由于诗人顾虑多、爱面子，想做官又不肯直说，所以只好委婉地表达自己的愿望。这种苦闷的心情，是不难领会的。
这首诗的艺术特点，是把写景同抒情有机地结合在一起，触景生情，情在景中。诗的前四句，描写洞庭湖的景致。“八月湖水平，涵虚混太清。”涵虚，是天空反映在水中的幻景。太清，就是天空。这两句的意思是说：“到了中秋时节，洞庭湖里的水盛涨起来，与湖岸平齐了，一眼看云，只见湖山相映，水天一色，浑然成为一体，美丽极了。“气蒸云梦泽，波撼岳阳城。”在这浩翰的湖面和云梦泽上，水气蒸腾，涛声轰鸣，使座落在湖滨的岳阳城都受到了震撼。这四句诗，把洞庭湖的景致写得有声有色，生气勃勃。这样写景，衬托出诗人积极进取的精神状态，暗喻诗人正当年富力强，愿为国家效力，做一番事业。这是写景的妙用。
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祖咏《
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终南望余雪》
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李白《
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月下独酌四首·其一》
孟浩然简介
唐代·孟浩然的简介
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孟浩然（689-740），男，汉族，唐代诗人。本名不详（一说名浩），字浩然，襄州襄阳（今湖北襄阳）人，世称“孟襄阳”。浩然，少好节义，喜济人患难，工于诗。年四十游京师，唐玄宗诏咏其诗，至“不才明主弃”之语，玄宗谓：“卿自不求仕，朕未尝弃卿，奈何诬我？”因放还未仕，后隐居鹿门山，著诗二百余首。孟浩然与另一位山水田园诗人王维合称为“王孟”。
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空山寂寂守岩扃，独鹤栖栖傍草亭。晓镜又催霜雪白，秋衣不换芰荷青。
仙人住处多栽药，野老来时或负苓。同气凋零衰朽在，百年光景似晨星。
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下皋俱乐亭扁 其十
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明代：
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黄仲昭
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潇洒林亭仅数椽，包罗风景迥无边。夜来微雨兼秋至，彻骨清寒疑欲仙。
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二月三日点灯会客
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宋代：
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苏轼
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江上东风浪接天，苦寒无赖破春妍。
试开云梦羔儿酒，快泻钱塘药玉船。
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过曹钧隐居
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唐代：
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钱起
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荃蕙有奇性，馨香道为人。不居众芳下，宁老空林春。
之子秉高节，攻文还守真。素书寸阴尽，流水怨情新。
济济振缨客，烟霄各致身。谁当举玄晏，不使作良臣。
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东陂菡萏盛开即事
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明代：
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胡应麟
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紫骝何处系垂杨，菡萏初分太液长。十万红妆齐衒色，三千彩袖各飞香。
游童戴叶翻歌扇，稚女穿花出画航。最是夜来添怅绝，湖南一路下新霜。
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夏日御园閒咏 其三
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：
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弘历
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风槐烟柳绿成帷，影度纱棂午日迟。暂向几馀閒学草，偶因吟罢亦敲棋。
曲池新涨分鱼子，碧宇高空放鹤儿。最爱子西传好句，依稀山静小年时。