泊秦淮
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唐代]：杜牧
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商女不知亡国恨，隔江犹唱《后庭花》。
泊秦淮译文及注释
译文
浩渺寒江之上弥漫着迷蒙的烟雾，皓月的清辉洒在白色沙渚之上。入夜，我将小舟泊在秦淮河畔，临近酒家。金陵歌女似乎不知何为亡国之恨黍离之悲，竟依然在对岸吟唱着淫靡之曲《玉树后庭花》。
英译
Mist veils the cold stream, and moonlight the sand, as I moor in the shadow of a river-tavern,
Where girls, with no thought of a perished Kingdom, gaily echo a song of courtyard flowers.
注释
选自冯集梧《樊川文集》卷四。（上海古籍出版社1978年版）。秦淮，即秦淮河，发源于江苏句容大茅山与溧（lì）水东庐山两山间，经南京流入长江。相传为秦始皇南巡会稽时开凿的，用来疏通淮水，故称秦淮河。
泊：停泊。
商女：以卖唱为生的歌女。
后庭花：歌曲《玉树后庭花》的简称。南朝陈皇帝陈叔宝（即陈后主）溺于声色，作此曲与后宫美女寻欢作乐，终致亡国，所以后世称此曲为“亡国之音”。
泊秦淮创作背景
杜牧前期颇为关心政治，对当时百孔千疮的唐王朝表示忧虑，他看到统治集团的腐朽昏庸，看到藩镇的拥兵自固，看到边患的频繁，深感社会危机四伏，唐王朝前景可悲。这种忧时伤世的思想，促使他写了许多具有现实意义的诗篇。《泊秦淮》也就是在这种思想基础上产生的。
参考资料：
1、蘅塘退士 等 ．唐诗三百首·宋词三百首·元曲三百首 ．北京 ：华文出版社 ，2009 ：86-87 ．
2、于海娣 等 ．唐诗鉴赏大全集 ．北京 ：中国华侨出版社 ，2010 ：376 ．
3、李静 等 ．唐诗宋词鉴赏大全集 ．北京 ：华文出版社 ，2009 ：190 ．
泊秦淮鉴赏
秦淮，即秦淮河，发源于江苏溧水东北，横贯金陵（今江苏南京）入长江。六朝至唐代，金陵秦淮河一带一直是权贵富豪游宴取乐之地。这首诗是诗人夜泊秦淮时触景感怀之作，于六代兴亡之地的感叹中，寓含忧念现世之情怀。
这诗在语言运用方面，也颇见工夫。首句写景，“烟”、“水”、“月”、“沙”由两个“笼”字联系起来，融合成一幅朦胧冷清的水色夜景，渲染气氛，朦胧中透出忧凉。次句点题，并以“近酒家”的丰富内涵启动思古之幽情，秦淮一带在六朝时是著名的游乐场所，酒家林立，因此昔日那种歌舞游宴的无尽繁华实已包含在诗人此时的思绪之中。后二句由一曲《后庭花》引发无限感慨，“不知”抒发了诗人对“商女”的愤慨，也间接讽刺不以国事为重，纸醉金迷的达官贵人，即醉生梦死的统治者。“犹唱”二字将历史、现实巧妙地联为一体，伤时之痛，委婉深沉。清代评论家沈德潜推崇此诗为“绝唱”，一个“犹”字透露出作者批判之意，忧虑之情。管世铭甚至称其为唐人七绝压卷之作。秦淮河是六朝旧都金陵的歌舞繁华之地，诗人深夜泊舟河畔，隔江传来商女《玉树后庭花》的歌声，听着这亡国之音，不禁激起时代兴衰之感，后两句对只知征歌征舞、买笑逐欢，而不以历景为鉴的统治者，给以深深的谴责。本诗情景交融，朦胧的景色与诗人心中淡淡的哀愁非常和谐统一。
这首诗是即景感怀的，金陵曾是六朝都城，繁华一时。目睹如今的唐朝国势日衰，当权者昏庸荒淫，不免要重蹈六朝覆辙，无限感伤。首句写景，先竭力渲染水边夜色的清淡素雅；二句叙事，点明夜泊地点；三、四句感怀，由“近酒家”引出商女之歌，酒家多有歌，自然洒脱；由歌曲之靡靡，牵出“不知亡国恨”，抨击豪绅权贵沉溺于声色，含蓄深沉；由“亡国恨”推出“后庭花”的曲调，借陈后主之诗，鞭笞权贵的荒淫，深刻犀利。这两句表达了较为清醒的封建知识分子对国事怀抱隐忧的心境，又反映了官僚贵族正以声色歌舞、纸醉金迷的生活来填补他们腐朽而空虚的灵魂，而这正是衰败的晚唐现实生活中两个不同侧面的写照。“商女不知亡国恨，隔江犹唱《后庭花》。”《玉树后庭花》据说是南朝陈后主所作的乐曲，被后人称为“亡国之音”。“隔江”承上一句“亡国恨”故事而来，指当年隋兵陈师江北，一江之隔的南朝小朝廷危在旦夕，而陈后主依然沉湎在歌声女色之中，终于被俘亡国。这两句诗从字面上看似乎是批评歌女，而实际上是诗人有感于晚唐国事衰微、世风颓靡的现状，批评那些沉溺于歌舞升平而“不知”国之将亡的统治者。“犹唱”二字意味深长，巧妙地将历史、现实和想象中的未来联系起来，表现出诗人对国家命运的关切和忧虑。这首诗写诗人所见所闻所感，语言清新自然，构思精巧缜密。全诗景、事、情、意融于一炉，景为情设，情随景至。借陈后主的荒亡国讽喻晚唐统治者，含蓄地表达了诗人对历史的深刻思考，对现实的深切忧思。感情深沉，意蕴深邃，被誉为唐人绝句中的精品。这首诗表现了诗人对晚唐统治者的辛辣讽刺以及对国家命运的深切忧虑。这样丰富的内涵、深刻的主题却容纳在短短的28个字之内，这其中的每一个字都凝练至及。诗歌的语言要求精练，只有精练才能含蓄，也只有含蓄才能见得精练。所以含蓄与精练互为表里，相得益彰。这首诗于情景交融的意境中，形象而典型地表现了晚唐的时代气氛，使人从陈后主的荒淫亡国联想到江河日下的晚唐的命运，委婉含蓄地表达了诗人对历史的深刻思考，对现实的深切忧思，内容深厚，感情深沉，意味无穷，引人深思。
这是一首即景生情之作，通过写夜泊秦淮所见所闻的感受，揭露了晚唐统治者沉溺声色，醉生梦死的腐朽生活。秦淮河两岸是六朝时的繁华之地，是权贵富豪、墨客骚人纵情声色、寻欢作乐的场所。诗人夜泊秦淮，在茫茫沙月，迷蒙烟水中眼见灯红酒绿，耳闻淫歌艳曲，不禁触景生情，顿生家国亡思，将对历史的咏叹与对现实的思考紧密结合，从陈的荒淫之国联想到江河月下的晚唐命运。全诗寓情于景，意境悲凉，感情深沉含蓄，语言精当锤炼，沈德潜称之为“绝唱”。
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王湾《
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次北固山下》
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李白《
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宣州谢脁楼饯别校书叔云》
杜牧简介
唐代·杜牧的简介
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杜牧（公元803－约852年），字牧之，号樊川居士，汉族，京兆万年（今陕西西安）人，唐代诗人。杜牧人称“小杜”，以别于杜甫。与李商隐并称“小李杜”。因晚年居长安南樊川别墅，故后世称“杜樊川”，著有《樊川文集》。
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水榭分还壮，云廊改更清。诸公齐努力，谁得似桐城。
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寄匡山人
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元代：
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陈基
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早春相见又经秋，秋水迢迢阻泛舟。
每见玉山问消息，荔浆何日寄江楼？
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山脚散步由舍北归
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宋代：
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陆游
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空碧升团月，江郊弄夕霏。
生涯今始是，年事古犹稀。
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述谢陈亮之邦伯时自广平被召 其一
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明代：
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顾璘
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铜章叨拜庶官中，先达从君见古风。乡谊每劳开阁待，民情长许置邮通。
才疏谬得淮阳召，身在应怀鲍叔功。已幸枳栖能脱迹，唯於离索叹西东。