宫词·故国三千里
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唐代]：张祜
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宫词·故国三千里译文及注释
译文
故乡和亲人远在千里之外，我已被幽闭在这深宫里二十年了，听一声曲子《何满子》，忍不住掉下眼泪。
注释
故国：故乡。
何满子：唐玄宗时著名歌手，据说她因故得罪了皇帝，被推出就刑。就刑前她张口高歌，曲调悲愤，使“苍天白日黯然失色”。结果皇帝闻之，终因惜其技艺难得而降旨缓刑。因为何满子出色的技艺，大诗人元稹、白居易、杜牧等都相继为之赋诗，其中以张祜的《何满子》宫词：“故国三千里，深宫二十年。一声何满子，双泪落君前”最为感人。这首宫词后来流传甚广，其唱来异常悲怨。据说唐武宗时，有一孟才人，因有感于武宗让其殉情之意，为奄奄一息的武宗唱了一曲《何满子》，唱毕，竟气绝身亡。一作“河满子”，舞曲名。题又作“宫词”。白居易《何满子》诗：“世传满子是人名，临就弄时曲始成。一曲四词歌八叠，从头便是断肠声。”“何满子”声调哀婉。《乐府集》引白居易《何满子》诗的自注说：“何满子，开元中沧州歌者，临弄进此曲以赎死，竟不得免。”
君：指皇帝。这里是指唐武宗。据《唐诗纪事》，张祜《宫词》：“传入宫禁，武宗疾笃，目孟才人曰：‘吾即不讯，尔何为哉？’指笙囊泣曰：‘请以此就缢。’上悯然。复曰：‘妾尝艺歌，请对上歌一曲，以泄其愤。’上许。乃歌一声《何满子》，气亟立殒。上令候之，曰：‘脉尚温而肠已绝。’”后来张祜别有咏《孟才人叹》一绝，词云：“偶因歌态咏娇嚬，传唱宫中十二春。却为一声何满子，下泉须吊旧才人。”
宫词·故国三千里创作背景
唐武宗李炎宠信善歌才人孟氏，后值武宗病重之时，孟才人侍其侧，武宗问之曰：“我或不讳，汝将何之？”孟才人对曰：“若陛下万岁之后。无复为生。”当时，武宗令其于病榻之前歌《河满子》一曲，声调凄咽，闻者涕零。不久，武宗崩驾，孟才人哀痛数日而死。张枯为孟才人殉情之事写了三首诗，一首题作《孟才人叹》，另二首为一组，总题名“宫词”。
参考资料：
1、赵乃增．唐诗名篇赏析：吉林文史出版社，2010：598-599
宫词·故国三千里鉴赏
一般以绝句体裁写的篇幅短小的宫怨诗，总是只揭开生活画图的一角，让读者从一个片断场景看到GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>宫人悲惨的一生；同时往往写得委婉含蓄，一些内容留待读者自己去想象，去玩味。这首诗却与众不同。它展示的是一幅生活全图，而且是直叙其事，直写其情。
诗总共只有二十个字。作者在前半首里，以举重若轻、驭繁如简的笔力，把一个GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>宫人远离故乡、幽闭深宫的整个遭遇浓缩在短短十个字中。首句“故国三千里”，是从空间着眼，写去家之远；次句“深宫二十年”，是从时间下笔，写入宫之久。这两句诗，不仅有高度的概括性，而且有强烈的感染力；不仅把诗中女主角的千愁万恨一下子集中地显示了出来，而且是加一倍、进一层地表达了她的愁恨。一个少女不幸被选入宫，与家人分离，与外界隔绝，失去幸福，失去自由，本来已经够悲惨了，何况家乡又在三千里之外，岁月已有二十年之长，这就使读者感到其命运更加悲惨，其身世更可同情。与这两句诗相似的有柳宗元《别舍弟宗一》诗中“一身去国六千里，万死投荒十二年”一联，也是以距离的遥远、时间的久长来表明去国投荒的分外可悲。这都是以加一倍、进一层的写法来增加诗句的重量和深度。
后半首诗转入写怨情，以一声悲歌、双泪齐落的事实，直截了当地写出了诗中人埋藏极深、蓄积已久的怨情。这后两句诗也以强烈取胜，不以含蓄见长。过去一些诗论家有诗贵含蓄、忌直贵曲的说法，其实并不是绝对的。应当说，一首诗或曲或直，或含蓄或强烈，要服从它的内容。这首诗的前半首已经把诗中人的处境之悲惨写到了极点，为逼出怨情蓄足了力量，因而在下半首中就势必让诗中人的怨情喷薄而出、一泻为快了。这样才能使整首诗显得强烈有力，更能收到打动读者的艺术效果。这里，特别值得拈出的一点是：有些宫怨诗把GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>宫人产生怨情的原因写成是由于见不到皇帝或失宠于皇帝，那是不可取的；这首诗反其道而行之，它所写的怨情是在“君前”、在诗中人的歌舞受到皇帝赏识的时候迸发出来的。这个怨情，联系前两句看，决不是由于不得进见或失宠，而是对被夺去了幸福和自由的抗议，正是刘皂在一首《长门怨》中所说，“不是思君是恨君”。
这首诗还有两个特点。一是：四句诗中，前三句都是没有谓语的名词句。谢榛在《四溟诗话》中曾指出，诗句中“实字多，则意简而句健”，而他所举的“皆用实字”的例句，就是名词句。这首诗之所以特别简括凝炼、强烈有力，与运用这种特殊的诗句结构有关。另一特点是：四句诗中，以“三千里”表明距离，以“二十年”表明时间，以“一声”写歌唱，以“双泪”写泣下，句句都用了数目字。而数字在诗歌中往往有其特殊作用，它能把一件事情、一个问题表达得更清晰，更准确，给读者以更深刻的印象，也使诗句特别精炼有力。这首诗的这两个艺术形式上的特点，与它的内容互为表里，相得益彰。
与张祜同时的诗人杜牧非常欣赏这首诗，在一首酬张祜的诗中有“可怜故国三千里，虚唱歌词满六宫”句。这说明，张祜的这首诗道出了GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>宫人的辛酸，讲出了GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>宫人要讲的话，当时传入宫中，曾为GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>宫人广泛歌唱。
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王维《
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和贾舍人早朝大明宫之作》
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韩偓《
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已凉》
张祜简介
唐代·张祜的简介
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张祜 字承吉，邢台清河人，唐代著名诗人。出生在清河张氏望族，家世显赫，被人称作张公子，有“海内名士”之誉。张祜的一生，在诗歌创作上取得了卓越成就。“故国三千里，深宫二十年”张祜以是得名，《全唐诗》收录其349首诗歌。
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除夕喜儿曹皆远归
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明代：
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梁兰
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儿曹远近俱儒仕，一在筠州一阆州。两地行程非可约，片时归计似同谋。
且从除夕尝家酝，莫问新年买客舟。代际唐虞各努力，老夫白首自无忧。
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题江海看云卷三首 其二
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明代：
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陆深
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海上会看云，飘飘迥不群。扶桑红日近，锦绣总成纹。