没蕃故人
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唐代]：张籍
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前年伐月支，城下没全师。
没蕃故人译文及注释
译文
前年出征月支，在城下全军覆没。
吐蕃和唐朝断了音讯，我与你生死两隔，长久别离。
战场上无人收拾废弃的营帐，归来的战马还认识残破的军旗。
想祭奠你又怀疑你还活着，此时只能朝着天边痛哭沈涕。
注释
没蕃（fán）：是陷入蕃人之手，古代称异族为“蕃”，此处当指大食，即阿拉伯帝国。蕃，吐蕃，我国古代藏族建立的地方政权，在今青海、西藏一带。当时唐、蕃之间经常发生战争。
月支：一作“月氏”。唐羁縻都督府名。龙朔元年（661）在吐火罗境内阿缓城置。故地在今阿富汗东北部孔杜兹城附近。约公元8世纪中叶因大食国势力东进而废弃。
没全师：全军覆没。
蕃汉：吐蕃和唐朝。
废帐：战后废弃的营帐。
残旗：残留的军旗。
参考资料：
1、韩成武．唐诗三百首赏析：河北人民出版社，1995年04月第1版：311-312
2、方笑一评注．唐诗三百首品读：上海社会科学院出版社，2008.04：199-200
没蕃故人鉴赏
诗人的一位老友在守卫月支的战役中，因全军覆没而生死未卜，下落不明。故以“没蕃”为题写诗表达伤怀。
首联交代全军覆没的时间和地点。时间是“前年”，前年战败，现今才写诗。这是因为作者在等侯确切的生死消息。在这次战斗中，唐军全师覆灭，友人是生是死，由于消息断绝，无法肯定，故诗人不敢贸然动笔。这种感情在亲密的朋友之间是很通常的。然而，老友的消息都一直没有听到。“蕃汉断消息，死生长别离。”蕃汉之间消息已完全断绝，两年之中一无所获，则友人无论是死是生，都意味着永运离别了。死了，固不用说；活着，也是做了蕃人的奴隶，不能回还了。沉痛之情，溢于言表。
领联是通过想象，描写战败的惨状：“无人收废帐，归马识残旗。”因为是全军覆没，不是战死就是被俘，所以唐军的营帐无人去收拾，散乱地堆在战场上，任凭风撕雨浇，惨象令人触目惊心。“归马”是指逃归的战马，战马能辨认出己方的军旗，故能逃归旧营。人是一个没剩，只有几匹马逃脱回来，这—笔真如雪上加霜，令人想见战争的残酷。
尾联“欲祭疑君在，天涯哭此时。”是写自己矛盾、痛苦的心情，想设奠祭祀友人，却又希望他还活着。若还活着．祭奠是大不敬；若确实已死，不祭奠也是大不敬。诗人两为其难，当此之时，也只有遥望天涯而放声大哭了。此联揭示诗人内心活动，曲折而又深刻。
此诗感情真挚，且层次清晰，由“戍”而写到“没”，由“消息”断而写到“死生”不明，由“死生”不明而写到“欲祭”不忍，终以无可奈何的放声大哭为结，一路写来，入情入理。而诗人借用这种过期的追悼，适足增添了全诗的悲剧性。正因为是“前年”的事件，所以有“断消息”的感受，有“疑君在”的幻想，痛慨、痴情，欲绝惨深。废帐残旗，归马踽凉，是诗人的揣想，却真实地再现了“没番”的战罢情形。其缺点是语言过于直朴，缺乏蕴含，前四句只是铺叙事情经过，占了一半的篇幅，倘若把这些内容移入题目中去，腾出地方集中抒情，效果会佳。
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张籍简介
唐代·张籍的简介
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张籍（约767～约830），唐代诗人。字文昌，汉族，和州乌江（今安徽和县）人，郡望苏州吴（今江苏苏州）1 。先世移居和州，遂为和州乌江（今安徽和县乌江镇）人。世称“张水部”、“张司业”。张籍的乐府诗与王建齐名，并称“张王乐府”。著名诗篇有《塞下曲》《征妇怨》《采莲曲》《江南曲》。1 《张籍籍贯考辨》认为，韩愈所说的“吴郡张籍”乃谓其郡望，并引《新唐书·张籍传》、《唐诗纪事》、《舆地纪胜》等史传材料，驳苏州之说而定张籍为乌江人。
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