塞下曲
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唐代]：王昌龄
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饮马渡秋水，水寒风似刀。
平沙日未没，黯黯见临洮。
昔日长城战，咸言意气高。
黄尘足今古，白骨乱蓬蒿。
塞下曲译文及注释
译文
牵马饮水渡过了那大河，水寒刺骨秋风如剑如刀。
沙场广袤夕阳尚未下落，昏暗中看见遥远的临洮。
当年长城曾经一次鏖战，都说戍边战士的意气高。
自古以来这里黄尘迷漫，遍地白骨零乱夹着野草。
注释
饮（yìn）马：给马喝水。
平沙：广漠的沙原。
黯（àn）黯：昏暗模糊的样子。临洮：古县名，秦置，治所在今甘肃岷县，以临近洮水得名。秦筑长城，西起于此，故有“昔日长城战”之语。
昔：一作“当”。长：一作“龙”。
足：一作“漏”，一作“是”。
蓬蒿：蓬草蒿草之类杂草。
参考资料：
1、吉林大学中文系．唐诗鉴赏大典（二）：吉林大学出版社，2009：195-202
塞下曲鉴赏
此诗在构思上的特点，是用侧面描写来表现主题。诗中并没具体描写战争，而是通过对塞外景物和昔日战争遗迹的描绘，来表达诗人对战争的看法。开头四句是从军士饮马渡河的所见所感，描绘了塞外枯旷苦寒景象。诗人把描写的时间选在深秋的黄昏，这样更有利于表现所写的内容。写苦寒，只选择了水和风这两种最能表现环境特征的景物，笔墨简洁，又能收到很好的艺术效果。首句的“饮马”者就是军士。诗中的“水”指洮水，临洮城就在洮水畔。“饮马”须牵马入水，所以感觉“水寒”，看似不经意，实则工于匠心。中原或中原以南地区，秋风只使人感到凉爽，但塞外的秋风，却已然“似刀”。足见其风不但猛烈，而且寒冷，仅用十字，就把地域的特点形象地描绘了出来。三四两句写远望临洮的景象。“平沙”谓沙漠之地。临洮，古县名，因县城临洮水而得名。即今甘肃东部的岷县，是长城的起点，唐代为陇右道岷州的治所，这里常常发生战争。暮色苍茫，广袤的沙漠望不到边，天边挂着一轮金黄的落日，临洮城远远地隐现在暮色中。境界阔大，气势恢宏。
临洮一带是历代经常征战的战场。据新旧《唐书·王晙列传》和《吐蕃传》等书载：公元714年（开元二年）旧历十月，吐蕃以精兵十万寇临洮，朔方军总管王晙与摄右羽林将军薛讷等合兵拒之，先后在大来谷口、武阶、长子等处大败吐蕃，前后杀获数万，获马羊二十万，吐蕃死者枕藉，洮水为之不流。诗中所说的“长城战”，指的就是这次战争。“昔日长城战，咸言意气高”，这是众人的说法。对此，诗人不是直接从正面进行辩驳或加以评论，而是以这里的景物和战争遗迹来作回答：“黄尘足今古，白骨乱蓬蒿。”“足”是充满的意思。“白骨”是战死者的尸骨。“今古”贯通两句，上下句都包括在内；不仅指从古到今，还包括一年四季，每月每天。意思是说，临洮这一带沙漠地区，一年四季，黄尘弥漫，战死者的白骨，杂乱地弃在蓬蒿间，从古到今，都是如此。这里的“白骨”，包含开元二年这次“长城战”战死的战士，及这以前战死的战士。这里没有一个议论字眼，却将战争的残酷极其深刻地揭示出来。这里是议论，是说理，但这种议论、说理，却完全是以生动的形象来表现，因而更具有震撼人心的力量，手法极其高妙。
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杜甫《
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咏怀古迹五首·其五》
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杜甫《
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宿府》
王昌龄简介
唐代·王昌龄的简介
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王昌龄 (698— 756），字少伯，河东晋阳（今山西太原）人。盛唐著名边塞诗人，后人誉为“七绝圣手”。早年贫贱，困于农耕，年近不惑，始中进士。初任秘书省校书郎，又中博学宏辞，授汜水尉，因事贬岭南。与李白、高适、王维、王之涣、岑参等交厚。开元末返长安，改授江宁丞。被谤谪龙标尉。安史乱起，为刺史闾丘所杀。其诗以七绝见长，尤以登第之前赴西北边塞所作边塞诗最著，有“诗家夫子王江宁”之誉（亦有“诗家天子王江宁”的说法）。
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