古意呈补阙乔知之
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唐代]：沈佺期
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古意呈补阙乔知之译文及注释
译文
卢家年轻的主妇，居住在以郁金香浸洒和泥涂壁的华美的屋宇之内，海燕飞来，成对成双地栖息于华丽的屋梁之上。九月里，寒风过后，在急切的捣衣声中，树叶纷纷下落，丈夫远征辽阳已逾十载，令人思念。白狼河北的辽阳地区音信全部被阻断，幽居在长安城南的少妇感到秋日里的夜晚特别漫长。她哀叹：我到底是为哪一位思而不得见的人满含哀愁啊？为何还让那明亮的月光照在帏帐之上？
注释
⑴独不见：乐府《杂曲歌辞》旧题。《乐府解题》：“独不见，伤思而不见也。”
⑵卢家少妇：泛指少妇。郁金堂：以郁金香料涂抹的堂屋。堂，一作“香”。梁朝萧衍《河中之水歌》：“河中之水向东流，洛阳女儿名莫愁。……十五嫁为卢家妇，十六生儿字阿侯。卢家兰室桂为梁，中有郁金苏合香。”
⑶海燕：又名越燕，燕的一种。因产于南方滨海地区（古百越之地），故名。玳瑁（旧读 dài mèi）：海生龟类，甲呈黄褐色相间花纹，古人用为装饰品。
⑷寒砧（zhēn）：指捣衣声。砧，捣衣用的垫石。古代妇女缝制衣服前，先要将衣料捣过。为赶制寒衣妇女每于秋夜捣衣，故古诗常以捣衣声寄思妇念远之情。木叶：树叶。
⑸辽阳：辽河以北，泛指辽东地区。
⑹白狼河：今辽宁省境内之大凌河。音：一作“军”。
⑺丹凤城：此指长安。相传秦穆公女儿弄玉吹箫，引来凤凰，故称咸阳为丹凤城。后以凤城称京城。唐时长安宫廷在城北，住宅在城南。
⑻谁为：即“为谁”。为，一作“谓”。
⑼教（jiāo）：使。流黄：黄紫色相间的丝织品，此指帷帐，一说指衣裳。更教：一作“使妾”。照：一作“对”。
古意呈补阙乔知之创作背景
此诗题一作“古意呈乔补阙知之”，又作“古意呈补阙乔知之”，疑为副题。乔补阙为乔知之，万岁通天（武则天年号，696—697）年间任右补阙，此诗当作于此时。
古意呈补阙乔知之鉴赏
这首七律，是借用了乐府古题“独不见”。郭茂倩《乐府诗集》解题云：“独不见，伤思而不得见也。”此诗的主人公是一位长安少妇，她所“思而不得见”的是征戍辽阳十年不归的丈夫。诗人以委婉缠绵的笔调，描述女主人公在寒砧处处、落叶萧萧的秋夜，身居华屋之中，心驰万里之外，辗转反侧，久不能寐的孤独愁苦情状。此诗对后来唐代律诗，尤其是边塞诗影响很大，历来评价甚高。姚鼐说它“高振唐音，远包古韵，此是神到之作，当取冠一朝矣。”
“卢家少妇郁金堂，海燕双栖玳瑁梁。”卢家少妇，名莫愁，梁武帝萧衍诗中的人物，后来用作少妇的代称。郁金是一种香料，和泥涂壁能使室内芳香；玳瑁是一种海龟，龟甲极美观，可作装饰品。开头两句以重彩浓笔夸张地描绘女主人公闺房之美：四壁以郁金香和泥涂饰，顶梁也用玳瑁壳装点起来，无比芬芳，无比华丽。连海燕也飞到梁上来安栖了。“双栖”两字，暗用比兴。看到梁上海燕那相依相偎的柔情密意，这位“莫愁”女也许有所感触吧。此时，又听到窗外西风吹落叶的声音和频频传来的捣衣的砧杵之声。秋深了，天凉了，家家户户忙着准备御冬的寒衣，有征夫游子在外的人家，就更要格外加紧了。这进一步勾起少妇心中之愁。“寒砧催木叶”，造句十分奇警。分明是萧萧落叶催人捣衣而砧声不止，诗人却故意主宾倒置，以渲染砧声所引起的心理反响。事实上，正是寒砧声落叶声汇集起来在催动着闺中少妇的相思，促使她更觉内心的空虚寂寞，更觉不见所思的愁苦。夫婿远戍辽阳，一去就是十年，她的苦苦相忆，也已整整十年了。
颈联出句的“白狼河北”正应上联的辽阳。主人公想：十年了，夫婿音讯断绝，他现在处境怎样？命运是吉是凶？几时才能归来？还有无归来之日？一切一切，都在茫茫未卜之中，叫人连怀念都没有一个准着落。因此，这位长安城南的思妇，在这秋夜空闺之中，心境就不单是孤独、寂寥，也不只是思念、盼望，而且在担心，在忧虑，在惴惴不安，愈思愈愁，愈想愈怕，以至于不敢想象了。上联的“忆”字，在这里有了更深一层的表现。
寒砧声声，秋叶萧萧，叫卢家少妇无法入眠。更有那一轮恼人的明月，竟也来凑趣，透过窗纱把流黄帏帐照得明晃晃的炫人眼目，给人愁上添愁。前六句是诗人充满同情的描述，到这结尾两句则转为女主人公愁苦已极的独白，她不胜其愁而迁怒于明月了。诗句构思新巧，比之前人写望月怀远的意境大大开拓一步，从而增强了抒情色彩。
这首诗，人物心情与环境气氛密切结合。“海燕双栖玳瑁梁”烘托“卢家少妇郁金堂”的孤独寂寞，寒砧木叶、城南秋夜，烘托“十年征戍忆辽阳”、“白狼河北音书断”的思念忧愁，尾联“含愁独不见”的情语借助“明月照流黄”的景物渲染，便显得余韵无穷。论手法，则有反面的映照（“海燕双栖”），有正面的衬托（“木叶”、“秋夜长”），多方面多角度地抒写了女主人公“思而不得见”的愁肠。诗虽取材于闺阁生活，语言也未脱尽齐梁以来的浮艳习气，却显得境界广远，气势飞动，读起来给人一种“顺流直下”（《诗薮·内编》卷五）之感。
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上一首：
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李白《
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听蜀僧濬弹琴》
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金昌绪《
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春怨》
沈佺期简介
唐代·沈佺期的简介
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沈佺期，字云卿，相州内黄人。善属文，尤长七言之作。擢进士第。长安中，累迁通事舍人，预修《三教珠英》，转考功郎给事中。坐交张易之，流驩州。稍迁台州录事参军。神龙中，召见，拜起居郎，修文馆直学士，历中书舍人，太子少詹事。开元初卒。建安后，讫江左，诗律屡变，至沈约、庾信，以音韵相婉附，属对精密，及佺期与宋之问，尤加靡丽。回忌声病，约句准篇，如锦绣成文，学者宗之，号为沈宋。语曰：苏李居前，沈宋比肩。集十卷，今编诗三卷。
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正月四日喜许氏女得甥
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明代：
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沈周
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汝寡无丁男，托命惟一女。活世真废人，盲瘖无乃是。
今年女有育，正月利弧矢。乃是四日生，六日方闻喜。
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古有採鞠茱萸篇而无一语及渊明长房旧事鞠茱
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宋代：
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杨冠卿
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落英拾秋鞠，委佩纫芳兰。
以其清且芬，可服仍可餐。
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病请至三不得许在任调治既小愈作
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：
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倪元璐
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乍似蛾穿出茧关，惭人丝锦索痴顽。不开后閤主投辖，几失藏舟天赐环。
多事角蹄占白黑，罪言肘手诉朱殷。拚将髀肉填鞍债，耐看朝回马上山。