构法华寺西亭
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唐代]：柳宗元
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窜身楚南极，山水穷险艰。
步登最高寺，萧散任疏顽。
西垂下斗绝，欲似窥人寰。
反如在幽谷，榛翳不可攀。
命童恣披翦，葺宇横断山。
割如判清浊，飘若升云间。
远岫攒众顶，澄江抱清湾。
夕照临轩堕，栖鸟当我还。
菡萏溢嘉色，筼筜遗清斑。
神舒屏羁锁，志适忘幽潺。
弃逐久枯槁，迨今始开颜。
赏心难久留，离念来相关。
北望间亲爱，南瞻杂夷蛮。
置之勿复道，且寄须臾闲。
构法华寺西亭译文及注释
译文
如同逃窜一样，我被放逐到楚国的最南端，永州的环境极其险恶艰难。
一步步登上最高的法华寺，闲散时，我又率性疏放顽劣一番。
寺庙的西边下面是陡峭的山崖，高得好似从天上俯窥人寰。
反过来，如果处于幽谷之中，榛莽繁茂遮蔽，谁也不能攀缘。
我吩咐童仆尽力地砍开杂木野草，横对着断崖把一座小亭修建。
山上山下，隔开来有如天壤之别，登上山顶，如飘飘然升上了云间。
远方的山头朝着这里靠拢，澄清的潇水抱着东山绕弯。
夕阳临照着轩窗，渐渐地沉落，归鸟直朝着我们陆续地飞还。
池塘里的荷花散射出一片鲜艳的色彩，山林间的竹枝留下了湘妃清清的泪斑。
精神舒畅，如同除掉了缰绳枷锁，心情安适，因而忘记了愁苦辛酸。
遭到遗弃和放逐，身心早已憔悴，到今天才开始有些愉悦开颜。
可惜赏心的时光难以久留，离乡的愁绪总是如藉丝一般连而难断。
举头北望，亲人们相隔千里，回视南方，我却杂居在夷蛮。
还是放下这些事，不要再提，借着这须臾的悠闲，忘掉忧烦。
注释
构：建造。
窜：逃匿。这里形容被放逐的狼狈。极：终极，尽头。
山水：指环境。穷：极其。
萧散：闲逸。任：任意，率性。疏：疏放，放诞。顽：顽劣，顽皮不顺从。
垂：通“陲”，边。斗：通“陡”。
欲似：好像。欲，似。
反：相反，指与从山上俯视相反，从山下往上看。
榛翳（yì）：丛生的草木浓密覆掩。
童：仆。恣：任意，尽力的。披翦（jiǎn）：砍削。披，砍伐。翦，同“剪”，削。
葺（qì）：盖房。宇：屋檐，指亭阁。横：横对着。
割：切开，划开。判：分开，差别。清浊：天地。古代认为清气上升为天，浊气下降为地。
岫（xiù）：峰峦。攒（cuán）：聚集，凑拢。顶：峰顶，山头。
抱：环绕。
临：对着。轩：窗。
当：对着。
菡萏（hàn dàn）：荷花。溢：流出。嘉：美好。
筼筜（yún dāng）：一种竹子，茎粗而节长，这儿泛指竹子。遗清斑：留下了清晰的斑痕。指湘妃在竹枝上洒下血泪，化为竹上的斑痕。
屏：除去。
志适：心情安适。志，心理活动或思想。适，安宁，舒适。幽潺：忧愁。潺，愁苦，烦恼。
枯槁：憔悴。
迨（dài）：到。始：才。
间：隔离。
夷蛮：古代称少数民族，东方为夷，南方为蛮。这儿泛指南方各种少数民族。
置：放下。
寄：托，靠，凭借。须臾：片刻。
构法华寺西亭创作背景
此诗当作于公元806年（元和元年）夏。法华寺西亭建于元克己谪永前二年。而元克己至永州不迟于公元808年（元和三年），推之，法华寺西亭建于公元806年。因为此诗中提及“菡萏溢嘉色”，故知作诗之时为夏天。
构法华寺西亭鉴赏
理解这首诗并不难。首四句，写遭贬后出游而自嘲自慰。柳宗元被贬到永州，心情苦闷忧愤，感到环境十分艰险。于是常出游以求排遣，要趁着萧散闲逸之时，更加放纵自己的疏顽之性。其实，柳宗元不是真的萧散，而是被剥夺了参与政事的权利。柳宗元也不是真的疏顽，而是保守派打击迫害他的借口托辞。柳宗元强压满腔怒火，故作轻松调侃，自嘲自慰，表明了毫不屈服的内心思想。接着六句，写东山的高峻和构建西亭。柳宗元《永州法华寺新作西亭记》曾提及构建西亭的事：“法华寺居永州，地最高……庑之外有大竹数万，又其外山形下绝。然而薪蒸蓧簜，蒙杂拥蔽，吾意伐而除之，必将有见焉。……余时谪为州司马，官外乎常员，而心得无事。乃取官之禄秩，以为其亭，其高且广，盖方丈者二焉。”可知柳宗元构建西亭，是因为东山高峻，砍伐榛莽杂草之后，可以饱览风物，赏心悦目。一来算是萧散无事时做了一件自己乐意做而且能够做的事，二来证明自己确实生性疏顽，不思改过，反而变本加厉，孤傲山林，乐山乐水，表现出不屈抗争的勇气和愤激的心情。接下来十二句，写建亭后所见美景和心情的愉悦。写景从高而下，从远而近。在高峻的东山顶上仰天俯地，有上凌云霄，遗世独立之感。远山凑拢，澄江怀抱，胸襟不由开阔博大。夕照临轩，栖鸟飞还，菡萏艳色，斑竹清痕，清丽宁静的自然美景，令他陶醉。这样，由于贬谪而枯槁的精神，到此时方才开颜。当然，这只是暂时的、精神上的屏除和遗忘，所以描写赏心悦目的美景总偏重于幽深寂静的特征，蕴含着诗人心中深藏的挥之不去的忧怨。最后六句，写乡愁别情袭来，强自宽慰。赏心乐事最忌孤寂，何况柳宗元又身处贬谪的现实之中，所以山水之乐只能暂忘心中郁垒，时间稍长，不由得又勾起了深切的乡愁离恨。这种悲哀是由贬谪而来，与忧愤同根而互生，想要回归故里，现实中同样不可能，诗人只得强自宽慰，“置之勿复道”，在须臾的闲适欢乐中，忘得一时算一时。结尾哀婉低沉，怨愤之情长绕不去。
总之，遭贬而心情压抑——出游以求解脱——陶醉美景而暂悦——勾起乡愁——强自宽解而其实未能，是柳宗元山水诗最常见的结构方式和表达手法，而孤愤沉郁是贯穿全诗的感情基调和独特风格。
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祝允明《
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首夏山中行吟》
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李商隐《
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晚晴》
柳宗元简介
唐代·柳宗元的简介
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柳宗元（773年－819年），字子厚，唐代河东（今山西运城）人，杰出诗人、哲学家、儒学家乃至成就卓著的政治家，唐宋八大家之一。著名作品有《永州八记》等六百多篇文章，经后人辑为三十卷，名为《柳河东集》。因为他是河东人，人称柳河东，又因终于柳州刺史任上，又称柳柳州。柳宗元与韩愈同为中唐古文运动的领导人物，并称“韩柳”。在中国文化史上，其诗、文成就均极为杰出，可谓一时难分轩轾。
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绝句六首
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：
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王跂
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花朵正怜多鞢，柳梢偏爱小差池。
陶潜狭室夸容膝，庾信低窗诉碍眉。¤
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贺新郎·此是河清宴
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宋代：
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王迈
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此是河清宴。觉朝来、薰风满入，生绡团扇。太守愁眉才一展，且喜街头米贱。且莫管、官租难办。绕砌苔钱无限数，更莲池、雨过珠零乱。尽买得，凌波面。家山乐事真堪羡。记年时、荔支新熟，荷筒齐劝。底事来寻蕉鹿梦，赢得乾忙似箭。笑富贵、都如邮传。做了丰年还百姓，便莼鲈、归兴催张翰。看卿等，上霄汉。