渔家傲引·子月水寒风又烈
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宋代]：洪适
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子月水寒风又烈。巨鱼漏网成虚设。圉圉从它归丙穴。谋自拙。空归不管旁人说。
昨夜醉眠西浦月。今宵独钓南溪雪。妻子一船衣百结。长欢悦。不知人世多离别。
渔家傲引·子月水寒风又烈鉴赏
洪适的《渔家傲引》，共有词十二首。词前有骈文“致语”，词后有“破子”、“遣队”。十二首词分咏渔家一年十二个月的生活情景，从“正月东风初解冻”起，至“腊月行舟冰凿罅”止，词体与《渔家傲》无异。
首句“子月水寒风又烈”，是在描写“子月”（即农历十一月）的特定环境下，渔家的生活状况与思想情趣。词的上片，写渔人顶烈风，涉寒水，捕鱼落空。“水寒风又烈”，是“子月”的气候特征。但这里并非泛写气侯，而是下文诸多内容的张本，渔人的劳动、生活、思想，皆与这种特定气侯相关联。尽管水寒风烈，渔人仍须下水捕鱼，可叹的是“巨鱼漏网”，圉圉而去，渔家生活，便无着落，连暂时缓解窘迫生活的希望也成为“虚设”了。“圉圉”一句，写巨鱼的逃跑，形象逼真。“圉圉”，困而未舒貌，语出《孟子·万章上》：“昔者有馈生鱼于郑子产，子产使校人（管理池沼的小吏）畜之池。校人烹之，反命曰：‘始舍之，圉圉焉；少则洋洋焉，攸然而逝。’”“丙穴”，本来是地名，在今陕西略阳县东南，其地有鱼穴。左思《蜀都赋》有“嘉鱼出于丙穴”句。这里是借指巨鱼所生活的深渊，活用典故，如同己出。“从”，“任从”的意思，任从那巨鱼摇头摆尾地回到深渊。一个“从”字，把渔人的那种无可奈何的怅惘之情表现淋漓尽致。上片结句进一步写渔人的心理活动：“谋自拙”是对“巨鱼漏网”的反省，自认谋拙、晦气，至于别人怎样说，那就由他去吧！渔人毕竟是旷达的。
在这片中，作者对渔人所流露的感情，是同情和怜悯的。词的下片，变换了笔调，从不同方面、不同角度描写渔人的生活。“昨夜”、“今宵”两句，是全词仅有的一组对句，描绘了渔人少有的闲适生活图景。“醉眠”、“独钓”是写渔人自己的有代表性的生活内容以少见多，以少总多：“昨夜”、“今宵”和“西浦月”、“南溪雪”，是通过时间与场景的迅速变换来表现渔人生活的旷放无拘。“妻子一船衣百结”则转写渔人全家的经济生活状况。此句字字用力，既有其具体性，又有其概括力，“衣百结”三字尤其着力，渔家的窘迫困顿，种种艰辛，都浓缩在这三字之中。如此一家，偎依在“子月”的寒水烈风之中，不言而喻，在这种形象画面里，凝聚着作者的同情。这也是当时渔民生活的真实写照，具有一定的社会代表性。结句则再转一笔，写渔人家庭生活中“贫也乐”的精神，虽穷困但团聚，自有其天伦之乐，而没有、也不知有人世间的那种离别之苦。“不知”一句，脱鞲而出，由对渔人一家生活的描写，猛宕一笔，转向对当时社会现实的揭示，且藏辞锋于婉转之中：明明是慨叹“人世多离别”，却又加“不知”二字，其实这里渔人的“不知”，正是作者所“深知”，唯其深知，才能这样由此及彼，不失时机，予以指斥，慨乎言之。这种结尾，如豹尾回顾，相当有力。
这首词最突出的特点是作者把渔人写成了劳动者，写成了真渔人。以前此类词中出现的渔人形象，主要是杂有政治色彩的隐士，他们或是“蓑笠不收船不系”的懒散，或是“一壶清酒一竿风”（均见《敦煌曲子词》）的安逸，或是坐在钓船而“梦疑身在三山岛”（周紫芝《渔家傲》）的幻想。他们“不是从前为钓者”，而是政治失意之后才“卷却诗书上钓船”（均见《敦煌曲子词》）别寻出路的，总之是“轻爵禄，慕玄虚，莫道渔人只为鱼”（五代李珣《渔父》）。洪适这首词笔下的渔人却是“为鱼”的，他靠撒网为生，不同于垂钓不设饵、志不在鱼的隐士。他也有“醉眠”的时候，但那酒，是“长把鱼钱寻酒瓮”（见“正月东风初解冻”首），是自己劳动换来的。在这首词中，“西浦月”、“南溪雪”两句，点缀意境是很美的，再加上“醉眠”与“独钓”，似乎渔人也有点儿隐士风度了，但是词的下句便是“妻子一船衣百结”，直写其全家经济生活的艰辛，这是最能表现渔人处境的一笔，也正是以前词人笔下的“渔人”形象所独缺的。至于“西浦月”、“南溪雪”，那是大自然的美，是造物主赋予全人类的，而渔人在烈风寒水中能够享受的，也就是只有这么一点点儿。
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吴文英《
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范成大《
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洪适简介
唐代·洪适的简介
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洪适（1117～1184）南宋金石学家、诗人、词人。初名造，字温伯，又字景温；入仕后改名适，字景伯；晚年自号盘洲老人，饶州鄱阳（今江西省波阳县）人，洪皓长子，累官至尚书右仆射、同中书门下平章事兼枢密使，封魏国公，卒谥文惠。洪适与弟弟洪遵、洪迈皆以文学负盛名，有“鄱阳英气钟三秀”之称。同时，他在金石学方面造诣颇深，与欧阳修、赵明诚并称为宋代金石三大家。
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