题扬州禅智寺
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唐代]:杜牧
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暮霭生深树,斜阳下小楼。
谁知竹西路,歌吹是扬州。
题扬州禅智寺译文及注释
译文
雨过后一只蝉在聒噪,松桂飘萧气候已交秋。
青苔长满台阶,白鸟故意迟留。
暮霭已生深树,斜阳渐下小楼。
谁知这条寂静的竹西路,通向那歌吹繁华的扬州。
注释
禅智寺:也叫上方寺、竹西寺,在扬州使节衙门东三里。史载其位于蜀冈之尾,原是隋炀帝故宫,后建为寺,居高临下,风景绝佳,是扬州胜景之一。
蝉噪:指秋蝉鸣叫。北朝梁王籍《入若耶溪》有:“蝉噪林逾静,鸟鸣山更幽。”
飘萧:飘摇萧瑟。
阶砌:台阶。
白鸟:指通常为白色羽毛的鸟,如鹤、鹭一类的鸟。故:故意。迟留:徘徊不愿离去。
暮霭:黄昏的云气。
竹西路:指禅智寺前官河北岸的道路。竹西,在扬州甘泉之北。后人在此筑亭,名日竹西亭,或称歌吹亭。
歌吹是扬州:典出鲍照《芜城赋》:“车挂轊,人驾肩。廛闬扑地,歌吹沸天。”芜城即扬,由此化出“歌吹是扬州”。歌吹,歌声和音乐声;吹,指吹奏乐器。
参考资料:
1、陈光.杜牧诗赏读:线装书局,2007年:19页
2、章培恒 安平秋 马樟根.杜牧诗文选译 修订版:凤凰出版社,2011年:48页
题扬州禅智寺创作背景
此诗作于唐文宗开成二年(837)秋。杜牧时年三十五岁,任监察御史,分司东都洛阳。杜牧的弟弟杜顗患眼疾,暗无所视,寄住在扬州城东的禅智寺。杜枚告假,从洛阳带了眼医石公集前去探视。此诗便作于此时。唐制规定: “职事官假满百日,即合停解。”杜牧这次即因告假逾百日而离职。
参考资料:
1、张梅.中国古典诗词精品赏读:五洲传播出版社,2006年:31页
题扬州禅智寺鉴赏
“雨过一蝉噪,飘萧松桂秋。”从“蝉”和“秋”这两个字来看,其时当为初秋,那时蝉噪本已嘶哑,“一蝉噪”,说明音色的凄咽;在风中摇曳的松枝、桂树也露出了萧瑟秋意。诗人在表现这一耳闻目睹的景象时,用意遣词十分精细。“蝉噪”反衬出禅智寺的静,静中见闹,闹中见静。秋雨秋风则烘托出禅智寺的冷寂。
接着,诗人又从视觉角度写静。“青苔满阶砌,白鸟故迟留。”台阶长满青苔,则行人罕至;“满”字写出了台阶上青苔之密,间接地写出了来人稀少,渲染了环境的空寂凄清。寺内白鸟徘徊,不愿离去,则又暗示寺的空寂人稀。青苔、白鸟,似乎是所见之物,信手拈来,呈现孤单冷落之感。
“暮霭生深树,斜阳下小楼。”从明暗的变化写静。禅智寺树林茂密,阳光不透,夕阳西下,暮霭顿生。于浓荫暮霭的幽暗中见静。“斜阳下小楼”,从暗中见明来反补一笔,颇得锦上添花之致。透过暮霭深树,看到一抹斜阳的余辉,反映了禅智寺冷而不寒,幽而不暗。然而,这毕竟是“斜阳”,而且是已“下小楼”的斜阳。这种反衬带来的效果却是意外的幽静,格外的冷清,分外的沉寂。
“谁知竹西路,歌吹是扬州。”运用了衬托的手法,以乐衬哀,用歌舞喧闹、市井繁华的扬州反衬出禅智寺的静寂,更突出了诗人孤独凄清和有所失落的心境。
至此,诗人通过不同的角度展示出禅智寺的幽静,似乎文章已经做完。然而,忽又别开生面,把热闹的扬州拉出来作陪衬:“谁知竹西路,歌吹是扬州。”禅智寺在扬州的东北,静坐寺中,秋风传来远处扬州的歌吹之声,诗人感慨系之:身处如此歌舞喧闹、市井繁华的扬州,却只能在静寂的禅智寺中凄凉度日,“冠盖满京华,斯人独憔悴”的伤感油然而生,不可遏止,写景中暗含着诗人身世感受、凄凉情怀。
这首诗写扬州禅智寺的静,开头用静中一动衬托,结尾用动中一静突出,一开篇,一煞尾,珠联璧合,相映成趣,艺术构思十分巧妙。
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贾岛《
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宿山寺》
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宋之问《
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灵隐寺》
杜牧简介
唐代·杜牧的简介
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杜牧(公元803-约852年),字牧之,号樊川居士,汉族,京兆万年(今陕西西安)人,唐代诗人。杜牧人称“小杜”,以别于杜甫。与李商隐并称“小李杜”。因晚年居长安南樊川别墅,故后世称“杜樊川”,著有《樊川文集》。
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