菩萨蛮·五云深处蓬山杳
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宋代]：李之仪
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五云深处蓬山杳。寒轻雾重银蟾小。枕上挹余香。春风归路长。
雁来书不到。人静重门悄。一阵落花风。云山千万重。
菩萨蛮·五云深处蓬山杳鉴赏
写景的虚实相间，是此词的主要特点。首句写云写山，这原是常见的自然景象，但此中的云是“五云”，此中的山是“蓬山”，句末下一“杳”字，平添一层梦幻般的氛围。这不禁令人想起白居易“忽闻海上有仙山，山在虚无缥缈间”，“楼阁玲珑五云起”（《长恨歌》）的诗句，那么词中“五云”、“蓬山”是指真实的山景呢，还是借仙山之名，表现意念中的境象。这一似虚若实的景象传示出迷惘之气，显现了主人公内心的惆怅和对希望的渺茫感。接着一句对月夜的描写较实，但作者写雾重，写月小，以昏淡迷朦的景色特点，创造了和首句相同的氛围，虚实景象交融一体，不仅形成画面的和谐，而且进一步映衬出主人公的悲凉心情。
写景的虚实相间，还表现为以充分的想象来充实画面。词中两处写到春风，作者抓住暮春的季节特点，依据春之将逝的自然规律，产生出春风归路漫长的想象。这一想象表现了主人公微妙的意绪转换，是把意识中对出行之人归途的揣想转化而为对春风归途的深沉慨叹，语涉春风，然意在归人。另一写春风的词句“一阵落花风”也包含着想象的成份。女子身处闺中，又是夜间，并不能实见风过花落的景状，这只是她根据暮春花谢的特点所产生的推想，这一推想固然有其逻辑上的必然性，但更透露出内心的无限伤感，她的孤寂，她对青春流逝的叹息尽在这一想象之中。
以人物的主观情感作为结构的经络，是这首词写景的又一特点。从作品的总体结构看，上下两片都以写外景大景为主，云、山、风、雾、月、雁是整个环境的主要构成，但是在这个大环境中，又分别插入“枕上挹余香”和“人静重门悄”两句，展示了女主人公身边的小环境，使人物主体形象比较明朗地显现在画面中，因而增强了大景中所孕含的主观情感的清晰度。同时，大小景两相映照，只觉得大景更迷茫凄清，而置于其中的闺房则更深邃孤寂，进一步突出了人物的心情。作品的首尾构成也颇有深意，首句和末句所写都是云和山，物景相同，但显示的气氛特点和感情色彩却不尽相同，起首以悠渺之景写出内心的怅惘，结句却以云山的层叠显出心情的沉重，两句遥相对应，可见出人物感情的发展。这首词以抒发情感为前提，在景色的描状或结构上都显出较强的主观随意性，因而虽无直接言情的辞句，却又处处可感深深的情思。
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李贺《
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巫山高》
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辛弃疾《
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生查子·独游西岩》
李之仪简介
唐代·李之仪的简介
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李之仪(1038～1117）北宋词人。字端叔，自号姑溪居士、姑溪老农。汉族，沧州无棣（庆云县）人。哲宗元祐初为枢密院编修官，通判原州。元祐末从苏轼于定州幕府，朝夕倡酬。元符中监内香药库，御史石豫参劾他曾为苏轼幕僚，不可以任京官，被停职。徽宗崇宁初提举河东常平。后因得罪权贵蔡京，除名编管太平州（今安徽当涂），后遇赦复官，晚年卜居当涂。著有《姑溪词》一卷、《姑溪居士前集》五十卷和《姑溪题跋》二卷。
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