拨不断·布衣中
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元代]：马致远
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布衣中，问英雄。王图霸业成何用！禾黍高低六代宫，楸梧远近千官冢。一场恶梦。
拨不断·布衣中译文及注释
译文
在平民百姓之中，试问那几个英雄人物，称王称霸建立功业究竟有什么用处？你看那六朝宫殿，如今长满了高高低低的禾黍；千万名达官的坟墓上，如今远远近近长满了楸树和梧树。只不过像是一场恶梦。
注释
双调：宫调名。元曲常用宫调之一。拨不断：曲牌名。又名“续断弦”，属双调宫曲调。此调流行于南宋和元代。全曲六句，句句押韵。
布衣：指平民百姓。
王图霸业：成王的宏图，称霸的大业。
六代：即六朝，指东吴、东晋、宋、齐、梁、陈，均在今南京建都。
楸（qiū）梧：两种树木名，既是制棺的用材，又是墓地常植之树。楸，梓树的一种。冢：坟墓。
恶梦：一作“噩梦”。
参考资料：
1、滕 森．元曲三百首彩图馆．北京：中国华侨出版社，2016：91
拨不断·布衣中创作背景
马致远早年专注于求取功名，但在长期得不到重用的情况下，他开始看破红尘，追求超然物外的生活，转而厌恶追逐功名。在这种心境之下，马致远作了多首《拨不断》无题小令，现存十五首。此曲即为其中之一。
参考资料：
1、滕 森．元曲三百首彩图馆．北京：中国华侨出版社，2016：91
2、蒋星煜 等．元曲鉴赏辞典．上海：上海辞书出版社，1990：252-253
拨不断·布衣中鉴赏
此曲起首两句“布衣中，问英雄”，显示了两个方面的历史事实：一是历史上“王图霸业”的缔造者，尽管都被戴上了“天命所归”、“真龙天子”的桂冠（这情形就同他们失败了就被换上“贼”“寇”的帽子一样），但实际上多来自“布衣”；二是布衣们视这些幸运儿为“英雄”，并将此视为终生奋斗的最高目标。这后一方面看来尤使作者不满，故要向“英雄”们“问”上一问。第三句初看也有点似问非问。“成何用”本身便有不成用的意味。不过作者在这里实有问意，因为随后他便自问自答，并通过揭晓的答案来阐明了全曲的主旨。
“禾黍高低六代宫，楸梧远近千官冢”是工整而精警的对仗。“彼黍离离，彼稷之苗。行迈靡靡，中心摇摇。”（《诗经·王风·黍离》）远在西周就产生过对于废宫禾黍的嗟叹。“高低”既切“禾黍”又切“宫”，“远近”既切“楸梧”又切“冢”，足见造语的警策。
这首小令，是化用唐代诗人许浑名作《金陵怀古》入曲的。许浑的原诗是这样的：“玉树歌残王气终，景阳兵台戍楼空。松楸远近千官冢，禾黍高低六代宫。石燕拂云晴亦雨，江豚吹浪夜还风。英雄一去豪华尽，惟有青山似洛中。”
从内容上看，许浑原诗首尾两联主要是抒情，中间两联侧重于写景。马致远基本上一字不动地保留了颔联两句，这两句是诗人登临时眼中所见之景，没有这两句，览古凭吊之情就失去了依据。而诗中其他各句，由于律诗与小令毕竟差异很多，保留的余地不多。在这种情况下，马致远舍其次要成分，把主要精力集中在首尾两联兴亡之感的抒发上。南朝宋齐梁陈四代开国之君，都是出身微贱登上皇帝宝座的，都所谓的布衣中的“英雄”。和许浑一样，马致远蔑视他们，认为他们的王霸事业，到头来不过是一场恶梦而已。在马致远看来，古今英雄争王称霸，做得高官显赫，但最终化为尘土，这如同做了一场恶梦一样，没有什么意义。曲子中流露出的历史虚无感和厌世感，是元代文人作品中一个比较普遍的现象。
从艺术上看，马致远此曲对许浑原诗的化用，是有新意，有创造性的。此曲由于具有自己的精神和风格，遂能与原诗并峙，为人们所传诵。
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李贺《
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还自会稽歌》
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王安石《
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白沟行》
马致远简介
唐代·马致远的简介
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马致远（1250年-1321年），字千里，号东篱（一说字致远，晚号“东篱”），汉族，大都（今北京）人，另一说（马致远是河北省东光县马祠堂村人，号东篱，以示效陶渊明之志）。他的年辈晚于关汉卿、白朴等人，生年当在至元（始于1264）之前，卒年当在至治改元到泰定元年（1321—1324）之间，与关汉卿、郑光祖、白朴并称“元曲四大家”，是我国元代时著名大戏剧家、散曲家。
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