荣木
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魏晋]：陶渊明
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荣木，念将老也。日月推迁，已复九夏，总角闻道，白首无成。
采采荣木，结根于兹。
晨耀其华，夕已丧之。
人生若寄，憔悴有时。
静言孔念，中心怅而。
采采荣木，于兹托根。
繁华朝起，慨暮不存。
贞脆由人，祸福无门。
非道曷依？非善奚敦？
嗟予小子，禀兹固陋。
徂年既流，业不增旧。
志彼不舍，安此日富。
我之怀矣，怛焉内疚！
先师遗训，余岂之坠？
四十无闻，斯不足畏。
脂我名车，策我名骥。
千里虽遥，孰敢不至！
荣木译文及注释
译文
《荣木》这首诗，是为感念衰老将至而作。日月更替，时光流逝，又到了木槿花盛开的夏季。我在孩童时，已经接受了修齐治平的儒学之道，可如今头发已经斑白，却还是没有什么成就。
当夏盛开木槿花，泥土地里把根扎。
清晨绽开艳丽色，日暮凋零委泥沙。
人生一世如过客，终将枯槁黄泉下。
静思默念人生路，我心惆怅悲年华。
当夏木槿花开盛，于此扎根长又深。
清晨繁花初怒放，可怜日暮竟无存。
坚贞脆弱皆由己，祸福哪得怨别人。
圣贤之道当遵循，勤勉为善是本心。
叹我无德又无能，固执鄙陋天生成。
匆匆岁月已流逝，碌碌学业竟无增。
我本立志勤求索，谁料沉溺酣饮中。
每念及此心伤痛，惭愧年华付东风。
先师孔子留遗训，铭刻在心未抛弃。
我今四十无功名，振作精神不足惧。
名车名骥皆已备，扬鞭策马疾驰去。
千里路途虽遥远，怎敢畏难而不至！
注释
荣木：即木槿（jǐn），属木本植物，夏天开淡紫色花，其花朝开暮闭。
推迁：推移，迁延，即运行之意。
九夏：即夏季。夏季三个月，共九十天，故称“九夏”。
总角：古代未成年男女的发式，因将头发结成两个髻角，故称。这里代指童年。道：指圣贤之道和做人的道理。
白首：指老年，老人头发变白。无成：无所成就。
采采：繁盛的样子。兹：此，这里。
耀：形容木槿花开时的艳丽，光彩夺目。“华：同“花”。丧之：指木槿花枯萎凋零。
人生若寄：人生在世，好像旅客寄宿一样。这是比喻人生的短暂。《古诗十九首》：“人生天地间，忽如远行客。”“人生寄一世，奄忽若飙至。”憔悴：枯槁黄瘦的的样子。
静言：静静地。言：语助词。孔：甚，很。念：思念。中心：内心。怅而：即怅然。而：语尾助词。
于兹：在此。《尚书·盘庚上》：“我王来，既爰宅于兹。”孔传：“言祖乙已居于此。托根：犹寄身。
贞脆：坚贞和脆弱，指人的不同禀性。祸福无门：语出《左传·襄公二十三年》：“祸福无门，惟人所召。”意思是说，祸与福的降临，并不是有什么特殊的门径，而是人们行为的好坏所招致的必然结果。
匪：同“非”。易：同“何”。依：遵循。奚（xī）：何。敦：敦促，勤勉。这两句的意思是说，不遵循正道还遵循什么？不勤勉为善还勤勉做什么？
嗟：叹词。予：我。小子：作者自指。原意指地位低下、无德无能之人，这里是自谦之辞。禀：禀性，天性。固陋：固执鄙陋。
徂（cú）年：过去的岁月。徂：往，逝。流：流逝。业不增旧：是说学业比过去没有增加。
彼：指上章所说“道”与“善”。不舍：孜孜不倦，奋斗不息。《荀子·劝学》：“骐骥一跃，不能十步；驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。”安：习惯于。日富：指醉酒。《诗经·小雅·小宛》：“壹醉日富。”这两句的意思是说，我本来的志向是孜孜不倦地依道、敦善，可我现在却安于酣饮的生活。
怀：心怀，思量。怛（dá）：痛苦，悲伤。内疚：内心感觉惭愧不安。
先师：指孔子。遗训：留下的教导。之坠：动宾倒装，即“坠之”。坠：跌落，即抛弃。
此二句语出《论语·子罕》：“四十五十而无闻焉，斯亦不足畏也已。”闻：闻达，有所成就而名声在外。斯：这。畏：害怕，恐惧。
脂：油，这里用作动词，以油脂润滑车轴。策：鞭，这里用作动词，以鞭赶马。骥（jì）：千里马。名车、名骥：以车、马比喻功名，是说准备驾驭车马去建立功名。
孰：谁。按：晋元兴三年二月，刘裕起兵勤王，打败桓玄。陶渊明于本年夏季出任刘裕镇军军府参军。这一章诗就表现了诗人出任镇军参军前的思想动力和决心。
参考资料：
1、郭维森 包景诚．陶渊明集全译．贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1992：8-12
荣木创作背景
《荣木》诗大概作于东晋安帝元兴三年（404年）六月，当时陶渊明四十岁，已经辞官，躬耕于南亩，但仕进之心并为完全泯灭。
参考资料：
1、郭维森 包景诚．陶渊明集全译．贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1992：362-363
荣木鉴赏
诗题“荣木”，是取诗的前两字作为篇名，并不是专写荣木。《荣木》一诗共三十二句，分四章，每章八句。第一章慨叹人生若寄，第二章写要坚持正确的做人道理，第三章责己无所作为，第四章表示不坠先师之训而奋起。全诗表达了一种自强不息的功业追求。
这首诗提出了世间一个永恒的主题：人生苦短。陶渊明把“荣木”已化为一种意象——人生美丽却苦短。他忧于人生短暂，认为人若不勤奋，即使“总角闻道”也会“白首不成”，这是人生的悲哀。他告诫人们，人生就像匆匆过客，到时都会憔悴、衰老、死亡；人的寿命、祸福取决于自己。他也自责自己曾废学而乐饮。
从此诗第四章中可以见出作者内心郁勃着昂扬的进取之心、功业之志。“四十无闻，斯不足畏”，这句话活脱了陶渊明另一面孔，它与后人心目中那位吟唱着“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”的隐者形象，相距实在太远。人们以往对陶渊明的印象只是其中年思想成熟以后的形象，是陶渊明丰富人格之一角。以“一斑”而概其“全豹”有时会出现以偏概全的弊病。陶渊明早期功业之心，主要是传统文化的熏陶、影响使然。对于古代大多数知识分子，“朝为田舍郎，暮登天子堂”是他们最大的梦想，在“学而优则仕”的时代，谁也难以天生就超越历史的局限而对功业荣名不屑一顾、视如粪土。
人生短暂，只有为功名而奋斗才有意义。陶渊明没有忘记儒家先师孔子的教导，一个人到了四五十岁还没有什么名望，这不值得惧怕。他自信有取得功名的天赋，不管要经历多少苦难，也没有任何理由放弃。
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王缜《
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寿吉士顾士廉父可闲翁》
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陶渊明《
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拟挽歌辞·其三》
陶渊明简介
唐代·陶渊明的简介
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陶渊明（约365年—427年），字元亮，（又一说名潜，字渊明）号五柳先生，私谥“靖节”，东晋末期南朝宋初期诗人、文学家、辞赋家、散文家。汉族，东晋浔阳柴桑人（今江西九江）。曾做过几年小官，后辞官回家，从此隐居，田园生活是陶渊明诗的主要题材，相关作品有《饮酒》、《归园田居》、《桃花源记》、《五柳先生传》、《归去来兮辞》等。
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宋代：
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范成大
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老蕨漫山凤尾张，青枫直干如攒枪。
山深岚重鼻酸楚，石恶淖深神惨伤。
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东原对月
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：
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刘崧
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土屋无风尚不关，屋前遥见两青山。瓦盆盛酒茆铺席，何日柴门望月还。
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赣州丰乐长老惠宣写予真戏赞时年七十三
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宋代：
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周必大
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少年日醉郁孤台，鼎立三禅屡往来。
豪气虽存谁复识，形容变尽鬓皑皑。