临江仙·直自凤凰城破后
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宋代]：朱敦儒
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直自凤凰城破后，擘钗破镜分飞。天涯海角信音稀。梦回辽海北，魂断玉关西。
月解重圆星解聚，如何不见人归？今春还听杜鹃啼。年年看塞雁，一十四番回。
临江仙·直自凤凰城破后译文及注释
译文
自从汴京城被攻破后，妻离子散劳燕双飞。逃到天涯海角的亲人没有音信。常常梦回辽海北，夜夜魂断玉门关。
残月知道团圆，牛良织女星知道团聚，为何不见亲人归来？今年春天还在听杜鹃悲啼。年年看鸿雁从边塞飞来，至今已有十四回了。
注释
临江仙：原唐教坊曲名，后用为词牌。原曲多用于咏水仙，故名。
直自：自从。
凤凰城：指汴京。这句写北宋钦宗靖康二年（1127）汴京陷落。
擘钗（bāichāi）：钗为古代妇女头饰，常充当定情信物，又或在分离时各执一半，以为将来复合之凭证，谓之擘钗。白居易《长恨歌》：“钗留一股合一扇，钗擘黄金合分钿”。
破镜：据孟棨《本事诗》载，南朝陈将亡时，驸马徐德言与乐昌公主破一铜镜各执一半，为重聚之凭，后果据此团圆。擘钗、破镜后常代指夫妻在战乱中分离。
辽海北：泛指东北海边。
玉关：玉门关，泛指西北地区。
解（jiě）：知道。
杜鹃：据《成都志》载，蜀中有望帝，名杜宇，身死之后魂化为鸟，是为杜鹃。
塞雁：秋天雁从塞上飞回，故称塞雁。
一十四番（fān）回：指看见雁南归已经十四次了。即作者南来已有十四个年头。
参考资料：
1、肖笃宋．唐宋词三百首 （少年版）：湖南少年儿童出版社，2006年05月第1版：174页
2、（清）上疆村民，王蔚．宋词三百首·元曲三百首：内蒙古文化出版社，2006.12：151页
临江仙·直自凤凰城破后创作背景
靖康之变后十四年（1141），词人翘首北望，想到故国山河已丢失多年，收复失地又渺渺无期，国仇家恨一起涌上心头，于是写下了这首词。
参考资料：
1、钱仲联．爱情词与散曲鉴赏辞典：,湖南教育出版社，1992.09：298页
临江仙·直自凤凰城破后鉴赏
词人借一位流亡江南女子怀念流落远方良人的口吻，描写了国破家亡的痛苦。
上阕写女主人公自京城汴梁被金人所破后对离散了的亲人的思念。“直自凤凰城破后”中的一个“直”字点明了自城破至今思念一直不断，而这种思念又不同于一般的离别，还包含城破后“擘钗破镜分飞”的惊恐与担忧。“擘钗”与“破镜”是离乱的象征，标志着一个家庭在战乱中的毁灭，意味着恩爱夫妻被生生拆散，而“分飞”则进一步点明在仓皇中各奔东西彼此离散。“天涯海角信音稀”承“分飞”而来，进一步描写了亲人的分离。“梦回辽海北，魂断玉关西”，写出女主人公怀念良人的思绪的纷乱，“辽海”与“玉关”本相距万里，一在东北，一在西北，这里是泛指，表明女主人公不知良人流落何方，因而梦魂也无定向。
下阕写女主人公翘盼良人归来而始终未归，这仍然是朝暮思念的继续，而盼归不归则更增加了女主人公内心的焦虑不安和痛苦失望。“月解重圆星解聚”对下句“如何不见人归”是一个反衬，“解”字用得十分妥帖，“月”与“星”本是自在之物，无所谓知道与否，但词人把月缺月圆、星散星聚的规律看作它们知道再圆再聚，这既有客观的依据和现实的合理性，又寄托了词人的主观意识，使之更好地对下句进行衬托。“今春还听杜鹃啼”中的“还”字饶有意味，它暗示往年此时正阖家团聚，而今只有自己一人独听子规啼血，哀不待言。“年年看塞雁，一十四番回”这两句结尾尤耐人寻味，在内容上反衬出词人的失望乃至绝望的哀痛心境，在艺术上则呼应上阙的“天涯海角”和“辽海北”、“玉关西”。上下贯通一气，结构显得圆润统一。
全词笔调婉转，格调哀伤，词情凄苦，在动乱社会所造成的离乱之苦中，重点描绘了一个家庭的悲剧，从一个侧面反映了人民的深重苦难，它无异于一曲催人泣下的乱世悲歌，感人至深，催人泪下。
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朱敦儒简介
唐代·朱敦儒的简介
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朱敦儒 （1081－1159），字希真，洛阳人。历兵部郎中、临安府通判、秘书郎、都官员外郎、两浙东路提点刑狱，致仕，居嘉禾。绍兴二十九年（1159）卒。有词三卷，名《樵歌》。朱敦儒获得“词俊”之名，与“诗俊”陈与义等并称为“洛中八俊” （楼钥《跋朱岩壑鹤赋及送闾丘使君诗》）
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