乐天见示伤微之敦诗晦叔三君子皆有深分因成是诗以寄
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唐代]：刘禹锡
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吟君叹逝双绝句，使我伤怀奏短歌。
世上空惊故人少，集中惟觉祭文多。
芳林新叶催陈叶，流水前波让後波。
万古到今同此恨，闻琴泪尽欲如何。
乐天见示伤微之敦诗晦叔三君子皆有深分因成是诗以寄鉴赏
首联，写即指读了白居易寄来的两首绝句，後有感于友朋之离世，亦作诗抒发感慨。
颔联，写到友人一一离开人间，祭文所做自然增加，以致文集中祭文最多，对于友人去世之伤痛无奈之情，自己的孤独之感溢于言表。
颈联乃千古名句，亦最能体现刘禹锡的哲学思想。本义指春天里，茂盛的树林新长出的叶子，催换着老叶、旧叶；江河中，奔腾的流水前面的退让给后起的波浪。这里“陈叶”、“前波”可指微之、敦诗、晦叔等已经去世的好友，也可指旧事物。“新叶”、“後波”可指“晚辈”亦可指新事物。这一联我以为，至少包含了这些哲学思想：
1.新事物的产生旧事物的消亡有它的客观必然性，是不以人的意志为转移的。这是事物发展的必然规律。无论是个人还是国家、民族概莫能外。体现了刘禹锡能够以发展的眼光来看问题，发展是必然的，运动是绝对的，静止是相对的。
2.既然规律是不以人的意志为转移的，人们就要顺应、利用规律。人不能创造规律也不能消灭规律。刘禹锡有感于友人的去世，悲痛之余，他想到的也许就是尊重逝者、善待生者，以及生者应该珍惜生命好好的地活下去。
3.没有陈叶就不会有新叶，没有前波亦不会有后波，新旧事物不是绝然对立的，不是毫无关系的。新事物中包含了旧事物中的优秀成分，旧事物中孕育了新事物的某些基因。二者是辨证统一的关系。也见刘禹锡已经既有辩证思想，暗合对立统一规律。他在《酬乐天扬州初逢席上见赠》中的名句“沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春”也体现了这一规律。
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杜甫《
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发潭州》
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陆游《
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书愤二首》
刘禹锡简介
唐代·刘禹锡的简介
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刘禹锡（772－842），字梦得，汉族，中国唐朝彭城（今徐州）人，祖籍洛阳，唐朝文学家，哲学家，自称是汉中山靖王后裔，曾任监察御史，是王叔文政治改革集团的一员。唐代中晚期著名诗人，有“诗豪”之称。他的家庭是一个世代以儒学相传的书香门第。政治上主张革新，是王叔文派政治革新活动的中心人物之一。后来永贞革新失败被贬为朗州司马（今湖南常德）。据湖南常德历史学家、收藏家周新国先生考证刘禹锡被贬为朗州司马其间写了著名的“汉寿城春望”。
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