醉落魄·辛未九月望和答庆符
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宋代]:胡铨
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百年强半,高秋犹在天南畔。
幽怀已被黄花乱。更恨银蟾。
故向愁人满。招呼诗酒颠狂伴。
羽觞到手判无算。浩歌箕踞巾聊岸。
酒欲醒时,兴在卢仝碗。
醉落魄·辛未九月望和答庆符鉴赏
词作开首二句:“百年强半,高秋犹在天南畔。”词人这一年四十九岁,故曰“百年强半”,被排挤出朝廷,羁留南方达十三年之久,故曰“犹在天南畔。”秋高气爽,临轩赏月,把酒观菊,本当是很惬意、快活时节,但却被抛置在天之涯海之角。更何况,奸贼当道,金瓯残缺,匹夫之责,时常萦绕心怀。一个“犹”字,凝聚了词人多少的感慨与忧愤。“高秋”,谓秋高气爽之时,谢眺《奉和随王殿下》诗有:“高秋夜方静,神居肃且深”句。“幽怀已被黄花乱。更恨银蟾,故向愁人满。“幽怀”,指郁结于心中的愁闷情怀。毫无疑问,这是指自己无法锄奸复国的激愤烦乱心情。这句本意是因“幽怀”而无心赏观菊花,但字面上却说是因观花而致幽怀乱,似句意不顺,这实是一种婉转曲达的表现手法,后二句亦是如此写法。词人愁绪满怀,偏又逢皓月圆满,便把一腔的怨情向“银蟾”倾泻而去。这与上句的“无理”,更深一个层次地表现了词人的愁绪。如“打起黄莺儿,莫教枝上啼。啼时惊妾梦,不得到辽西”(唐·金昌绪),辛弃疾的“罗帐灯昏,哽咽梦中语。是他春带愁来,春归何处,却不解、带将愁去”(《祝英台近》)等。这都是一种看似无理,实则含有更深的理在的埋怨。
下片词人转而抒写自己借酒茶解愁的情形。“招呼诗酒颠狂伴,羽觞到手判无算。浩歌箕踞巾聊岸。”这里的“伴”,当指那些不畏权奸,主张抗金,遭到迫害,有志而不得伸的志同道和之友,当然也包括词题中的张伯麟。这几句词人用白描手法极写饮酒之狂态。“何以解忧,唯有杜康”,他仍只好借酒来忘却心中的忧愤与不平。“羽觞”,指酒器,其状如雀鸟,左右形如两翼。他们喝了无数杯的酒,不仅放声高歌,还一扫文雅之态,箕踞而坐,并把头巾推向后脑露出前额。这是他们“颠狂”的具体写照。“箕踞”,形容两足前伸,以手据膝,如箕状,古时为傲慢不敬之容。这种放浪形骸的颠狂之态,实是内心忧愁极深的外在表现。末二句“酒欲醒时,兴在卢仝盌。”酒醒思茶,亦如饮酒一般,以浇胸中之块垒。“卢仝盌”,“盌”,同碗、椀,典出唐代诗人卢仝,卢仝号玉川子,善诗,亦喜饮茶。曾赋诗盛赞茶之妙用:“一碗喉吻润,两碗破孤闷,三碗搜枯肠,唯有文字五千卷。四碗发轻汗,平生不平事,尽向毛孔散。五碗肌骨清,六碗通仙灵,七碗吃不得也,唯觉两腋习习清风生”(《走笔谢孟议寄新茶》)。这里用此典,词意是承前一贯而下,亦即卢仝诗中的“破孤闷”、散尽“生平不平事。”
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白居易《
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宴桃源·频日雅欢幽会》
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张伯端《
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解佩令》
胡铨简介
唐代·胡铨的简介
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胡铨(1102年—1180年),字邦衡,号澹庵。吉州庐陵芗城(今江西省吉安市青原区值夏镇)人。南宋爱国名臣、文学家,庐陵“五忠一节”之一,与李纲、赵鼎、李光并称“南宋四名臣”。建炎二年(1128年),胡铨登进士第。初授抚州军事判官,他招募乡丁,助官军捍御金军。后除枢密院编修官。绍兴八年(1138年),秦桧主和,胡铨抗疏力斥,乞斩秦桧与参政孙近、使臣王伦,声振朝野。但遭除名,编管昭州,移谪吉阳军。秦桧死后,内移衡州。宋孝宗即位,复任奉议郎,知饶州。历国史院编修官、兵部侍郎,晚年以资政殿学士致仕。淳熙七年(1180年),胡铨去世,追赠通议大夫,谥号“忠简”。著有《澹庵集》等传世。
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