八月七日初入赣过惶恐滩
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宋代]：苏轼
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七千里外二毛人，十八滩头一叶身。
山忆喜欢劳远梦，地名惶恐泣孤臣。
长风送客添帆腹，积雨浮舟减石鳞。
便合与官充水手，此生何止略知津。
八月七日初入赣过惶恐滩译文及注释
译文
从七千里外贬谪来的毛发斑白之人，如一叶孤舟在险恶的十八滩头飘零。
思念故乡山水使我忧思成梦，地名叫惶恐滩更让我忧伤。
长帆受风，如大腹鼓起，雨水暴涨，不见了水流石上的波纹。
我应当为官府充当水手，因为我一生经历的风浪实在太多太多。
注释
二毛人：黑白头发兼杂的老年人。
十八滩：在赣江险处，惶恐滩即其中之一。
孤臣：失势无援之臣。
帆腹：帆受风，鼓起像肚腹，故称“帆胰”。
石鳞，像鱼鳞一样的石头。
知津：《论语·微子》：“使予路间津焉。”问津，夸义为询问渡口，后人常借用作请求指点。这里“问津’即识途，语意双关。
参考资料：
1、张德杰编著．唐宋诗词十大家 苏轼诗词 插图本：济南出版社，1995年10月：195
八月七日初入赣过惶恐滩创作背景
宋哲宗绍圣元年（1094年），主张变法的新党重新被大宋朝廷重新起用，元祐旧臣遭受打压。苏轼在河北定州知州任上，先后被贬官到广东英州、广西宁远军、广东惠州。苏轼在赴惠州途中，乘船入赣江，经过江西万安县的惶恐滩。面对险滩，前途渺茫的诗人苏轼，以达观的精神，写下了这首诗。
参考资料：
1、刘乃昌选注．苏轼选集：齐鲁书社，2005年09月：129
2、萧东海等编注．历代诗人咏庐陵：江西高校出版社，2006年5月：28
八月七日初入赣过惶恐滩鉴赏
这首诗首联写出了当时极其艰难危险的处境，在远离京都七千里外，水流湍急的险恶的惶恐滩上，诗人仿佛像一叶小舟，随时都有沉没的危险。巧妙的数字，强烈的对比，给人以惊心动魄的感觉。诗人用“七千里外”和“十八滩头”、“二毛人”和“一叶身”形成强烈的对比，将诗人晚年被贬谪的凄凉孤苦，生动展示在读者面前。
“惶恐滩头说惶恐，零丁洋里叹零丁。”文天祥这一名对大概是受苏轼这联诗的启发才写出来的，而两人的心情确有不少相似之处。但苏轼绝没有柳宗元“孤臣泪已尽，虚作断肠声”那么凄惨，毕竟还有家乡的“远梦”，这喜欢虽是淡淡的，却可抵销一些孤臣的惶恐。谐音双关修辞手法的运用，增添了许多机趣，一语双意，并蒂同枝，妙合无垠，令读者产生无穷的兴味。
颈联两句所写不只是行船的情境描写，又有象征的暗示，轻快旋律，恰好显示出诗人顺风行舟观赏美景的快意。诗上半篇的低沉凄凉一扫而空。“行路难，行路难，多歧路，今安在？长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海！”李白《行路难》的诗句浮上诗人的脑海，虽然此时他没有李白那么充满信心，却也不乏坦然自适，不乏达观豪放。
尾联苏轼充满自信地说：“我一生长途行船，经历多少大风大浪，岂止是知道几个渡口而已。”所以，诗人没有愁眉苦脸，却有诙谐和幽默，说自己可以为官家当“水手”，这官船要走的路早以娴熟在心，还要向谁去问津。蔑视与嘲笑到此融为一炉，真是嬉怒笑骂皆成诗。倘若苏轼能过像宋仁宗所希望的那样，早早就成为水手长──宰相，恐怕宋徽宗、宋钦宗也不至“坐井观天”于异域他乡。
这首诗前四句表现自己被政敌迫害、晚年被贬谪的凄凉情况，格调低沉。接下来的四句描写行船的情境，格调也有凄苦转为豪放，沉重转为轻快。因为，苏轼是一个性格坚韧、胸襟开阔的诗人和哲人，面对再次降临的人生劫难，他以顽强的意志和达观的态度去面对。
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苏轼简介
唐代·苏轼的简介
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苏轼（1037－1101），北宋文学家、书画家、美食家。字子瞻，号东坡居士。汉族，四川人，葬于颍昌（今河南省平顶山市郏县）。一生仕途坎坷，学识渊博，天资极高，诗文书画皆精。其文汪洋恣肆，明白畅达，与欧阳修并称欧苏，为“唐宋八大家”之一；诗清新豪健，善用夸张、比喻，艺术表现独具风格，与黄庭坚并称苏黄；词开豪放一派，对后世有巨大影响，与辛弃疾并称苏辛；书法擅长行书、楷书，能自创新意，用笔丰腴跌宕，有天真烂漫之趣，与黄庭坚、米芾、蔡襄并称宋四家；画学文同，论画主张神似，提倡“士人画”。著有《苏东坡全集》和《东坡乐府》等。
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