元日早朝行
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唐代]：鲍防
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乾元发生春为宗，盛德在木斗建东。
东方岁星大明宫，南山喜气摇晴空。
望云五等舞万玉，献寿一声出千峰。
文昌随彩礼乐正，太平下直旌旗红。
师旷应律调黄钟，王良运策调时龙。
玄冥无事归朔土，青帝放身入朱宫。
九韶九变五声里，四方四友一身中。
天何言哉乐无穷，广成彭祖为三公。
元日早朝行鉴赏
君主朝堂上会见百官，称之为临朝视事，百官朝见皇帝，向皇帝奏事称之为上朝。上朝对于百官来说，是他们每日的第一件大事。
当长安郊野曙色才分的时候，大明宫里的钟声就响彻长安上空了，钟声告诉散居在各街坊的百官们，朝见皇帝的时候到了。待到百官赶到蓬莱宫，钟声仍然响彻云霄。宫殿的大门虽已开启，又依稀听见宫里“鸡人“报晓的声音，说明皇帝本人也已起身，要与百官们相会于朝堂上。
百官上朝，唐诗中也有说以“鼓声“为号令的。李贺《官街鼓》诗中说:“晓声隆隆催转日，暮声隆隆呼月出。“王琦注:“《唐书》:“日暮，鼓八百声而门闭;五更二点，鼓自内发，诸街鼓承振，坊市门皆启，鼓三千挝，辨色而止。”其制盖始于马周。旧制:京城内金吾昏晓传呼，以戒行者。周上书令金吾每街隅悬鼓，夜击以止行李，以备窃盗，时人呼曰鼓，公私便焉。”可见置于街坊的鼓，当日暮、凌晨时敲响，主要用于警戒以防盗贼，也兼有报时的作用，以启坊门。原与百官上朝无关，但百官可以据鼓声判断时辰，所以唐诗中写到早朝的诗，多写钟声，也有钟鼓一齐写到的。
“官街鼓“凌晨“五更二点“敲起，相当于今日的早上五时左右。古代天子讲究“勤政“，所谓谓“夙兴夜寐“，上朝理事，不敢懈怠。上朝的百官们当然更要早起，因为他们散居于长安各街坊，距上朝的宫殿还有相当远的一段路程。《明皇杂录》:“五鼓初起，列火满门，将欲趋朝，轩盖如市。”是晓色朦胧中百官上朝的真实写照。
唐时帝王每日都要临朝视事。《唐会要》引《仪制令》:“诸在京文武官员职事九品以上，朔望日朝;其文武官五品以上及监察御史、员外郎、太常博士，每日朝参。“《唐会要》又载:“贞观十三年十月三日，尚书左仆射房玄龄奏:'天下太平，万几事简，请三日一临朝。'诏许之。至二十三年(649年)九月十一日，太尉(长孙)无忌等奏请视朝，坐日，上(高宗)曰:'朕幼登大位，日夕孜孜，拥滞众务，自今以后每日常坐。““每日常坐“即谓之“常朝“，是汉以来留下的遗制，唐代帝王大都是严格遵守的，房玄龄的“天下太平，万几事简“，要求太宗改为三日一临朝视事，几乎可以看作是佞言，所以高宗即位之初(高宗即位于贞观二十三年六月)，为表示勤政，即恢复旧制。到高宗永徽二年(651年)八月二十九日下诏:“来月一日，太极殿受朝。此后，每五日一度，太极殿视事，朔望朝，即永为常式。““受朝。即受朝贺，是在朔望日(每月初与每月中)皇帝会见在京所有官员规模更大、仪式更隆重的活动;“视事“即“每日常参“、“每日常坐“，是皇帝会见五品以上“常参官“的日常事务。高宗即位始两年，即废务荒政，自坏体例，改“每日常参“为“五日一度“了。至高宗显庆二年(657年)三月，长孙无忌又奏请“隔日视事“;武则天时，敕“每十日一朝“，受到左台侍御史卢怀慎的批评。自玄宗以后，皇帝的“每日常坐“，虽然也偶有更改，但基本维持“每日常坐“的旧制。兴庆宫里有勤政务本楼，即有以勤于政事、励精图治自勉的意思在内。不过，到玄宗晚年，亦渐废务荒政，所以白居易在《长恨歌》里批评他在宠杨妃之后“春宵苦短日高起，从此君王不早朝“。
常参官之数，大约不下数百近千人，每日凌晨即起，梳洗一毕，即要匆匆赶往皇帝临朝之处，休假和因其他特殊情况“辍朝“时可以例外。早朝是官员们的大事。一方面这是官员们的责任，另一方面也是官员们深感荣耀之事。每日面见君王，与闻或参与处理天下大事，正是一种个人价值所在。还有一个原因就是，若早朝不至或迟到，处罚也是很严厉的。唐政府规定:“朝参官无故不到，夺一月俸“;“文武常参官或有晚入(即迟到)，并全不到及班列失仪，委御史台录名，牒所由，夺一月俸;经三度以上者，弹奏。”
唐诗中写及早朝的诗格外多，本诗即是其中一首。
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上一首：
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杜甫《
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小至》
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下一首：
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辛弃疾《
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鹧鸪天·陌上柔桑破嫩芽》
鲍防简介
唐代·鲍防的简介
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鲍防（722年--790年），字子慎，襄州襄阳（今湖北襄阳）人。唐朝官员、诗人。天宝十二年（753年）考中进士科，历任节度使府僚属。大历五年（770年）召入朝廷任职方员外郎。后召入朝廷任御史大夫，历任福建、江西观察使，又召入朝廷授任左散骑常侍。跟随唐德宗李适到奉天，升任礼部侍郎，封东海郡公。贞元元年（785年），鲍防主持策试贤良方正科。后不得志去世，享年六十九岁，追赠太子少保，谥号宣。
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