守岁
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宋代]：苏轼
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欲知垂尽岁，有似赴壑蛇。
修鳞半已没，去意谁能遮。
况欲系其尾，虽勤知奈何。
晨鸡且勿唱，更鼓畏添挝。
坐久灯烬落，起看北斗斜。
努力尽今夕，少年犹可夸。
守岁译文及注释
译文
要知道快要辞别的年岁，有如游向幽壑的长蛇。
长长的鳞甲一半已经不见，离去的心意谁能够拦遮！
何况想系住它的尾端，虽然勤勉明知是无可奈何。
儿童不睡觉努力挣扎，相守在夜间笑语喧哗。
晨鸡呵请你不要啼唱，一声声更鼓催促也叫人惧怕。
长久夜坐灯花点点坠落，起身看北斗星已经横斜。
明年难道再没有年节？只怕心事又会照旧失差。
努力爱惜这一个夜晚，少年人意气还可以自夸。
注释
垂尽：快要结束。
壑（hè）：山谷。
修鳞：指长蛇的身躯。
强（qiǎng）：勉强。
哗：一作“喧”。
挝（zhuā）：击，敲打，此处指更鼓声。
灯烬（jìn）：灯花。烬，物体燃烧后剩下的部分。
北斗斜：谓时已夜半。
蹉跎（cuō tuó）：时间白白过去，光阴虚度。
参考资料：
1、霍松林．宋诗鉴赏辞典：上海辞书出版社，1987：324-327
2、王水照 朱刚．苏轼诗词文选评：上海古籍出版社，2004：18-19
3、孔凡礼 刘尚荣．苏轼诗词选：中华书局，2005：15-16
守岁创作背景
此诗作于仁宗嘉祐七年（1062年），其时诗人在凤翔签判任上，同时还写了《馈岁》《别岁》，三首诗寄与苏辙。
参考资料：
1、霍松林．宋诗鉴赏辞典：上海辞书出版社，1987：324-327
2、孔凡礼 刘尚荣．苏轼诗词选：中华书局，2005：15-16
守岁鉴赏
《守岁》，十六句，可分为三个层次。
第一个层次六句：“修鳞半已没，去意谁能遮？”这里用生动的比喻说明守岁无益，从反面人题，跟前两首有所不同。这个比喻不但形象生动，而见辰龙巳蛇，以蛇比岁，不是泛泛设喻。这六句的前四句写岁已将近，后二句写虽欲尽力挽回，但徒劳无益。“系其尾”字面虽然用《晋书·贾后传》“系狗当系颈，今反系其尾”的话，但在行文中完全以“赴壑蛇”为喻：到了除夕，已经是末梢了，倒拔蛇已不大可能，何况只抓蛇尾巴梢，哪里能系得住呢？以这样六句开头，好像说这个风俗无道理。要写守岁，先写守不住，不必守，这是欲擒故纵，使文字多波澜的手法。
中间六句是第二个层次：“儿童强不睡，相守夜谌哗。”这个层次写守岁的情景。一个“强”字写出儿童过除夕的特点：明明想打磕睡，却还要勉强欢闹。这两句仍然是作者回味故乡的风俗，而不是他在凤翔时的情景。这一年苏轼才二十六岁（虚龄二十七岁），膝下只有一子苏迈，虚龄五岁，不可能有这两句所写的场景。“晨鸡”二句将守岁时的心理状态写得细腻入微，“坐久”两句将守岁时的情景写得很逼真。这两句主要是针对大人守岁所说的。纪昀很欣赏这十个字，说是“真景”。实际上这是人人守岁都有过的感受，他能不费力地写出来，增添不少亲切感。
最后四句是第三个层次：“明年岂无年？心事恐蹉跎。”这个层次与开头第一个层次的欲擒故纵相对照，表明守岁有理，应该爱惜将逝的时光。正面交代应该守岁到除夕尽头。结尾两句化用白居易“犹有夸张少年处”，意在勉励苏辙。苏辙在京师侍奉父亲，苏轼希望两地守岁，共惜年华。这个结句含有积极奋发的意味，是点睛之笔，使全诗精神陡然振起。
苏轼的《守岁》，诗意明白易懂，旨在勉励自己惜时如金。作者用形象的蛇蜕皮喻时间不可留，暗示要自始至终抓紧时间做事，免得时间过半，虽勤也难补于事。努力应从今日始，不要让志向抱负付诸东流。
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孟浩然《
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岁除夜会乐城张少府宅》
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苏轼《
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守岁》
苏轼简介
唐代·苏轼的简介
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苏轼（1037－1101），北宋文学家、书画家、美食家。字子瞻，号东坡居士。汉族，四川人，葬于颍昌（今河南省平顶山市郏县）。一生仕途坎坷，学识渊博，天资极高，诗文书画皆精。其文汪洋恣肆，明白畅达，与欧阳修并称欧苏，为“唐宋八大家”之一；诗清新豪健，善用夸张、比喻，艺术表现独具风格，与黄庭坚并称苏黄；词开豪放一派，对后世有巨大影响，与辛弃疾并称苏辛；书法擅长行书、楷书，能自创新意，用笔丰腴跌宕，有天真烂漫之趣，与黄庭坚、米芾、蔡襄并称宋四家；画学文同，论画主张神似，提倡“士人画”。著有《苏东坡全集》和《东坡乐府》等。
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