河湟
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唐代]：杜牧
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元载相公曾借箸，宪宗皇帝亦留神。
旋见衣冠就东市，忽遗弓剑不西巡。
牧羊驱马虽戎服，白发丹心尽汉臣。
唯有凉州歌舞曲，流传天下乐闲人。
河湟译文及注释
译文
元载相公曾具体筹划过收复河湟，宪宗皇帝对此事关心也格外留神。
不久却见大臣身穿朝服就刑东市，皇上也突然驾崩来不及实施西巡。
河湟百姓虽然穿着戎服牧羊驱马，可是他们白发丹心仍是唐朝臣民。
只有产生于凉州的动人歌舞乐曲，流传天下在娱乐着那些富贵闲人。
注释
河湟：指今青海省和甘肃省境内的黄河和湟水流域，唐时是唐与吐蕃的边境地带。湟水是黄河上游支流，源出青海东部，流经西宁，至甘肃兰州市西汇入黄河。《唐书·吐蕃传》记载：“世举谓西戎地曰河湟。”
元载：字公辅，唐代宗时为宰相，曾任西州刺史。大历八年（773年）曾上书代宗，对西北边防提出一些建议。借箸：为君王筹划国事。《史记·留侯世家》载，张良在刘邦吃饭时进策说：“臣请借前箸为大王筹之。”
留神：指关注河湟地区局势。
“旋见”句：指大历十二年（777年）元载因事下狱，代宗下诏令其自杀。东市：代指朝廷处决罪犯之地。
遗弓剑：指唐宪宗死，古代传说黄帝仙去，只留下弓剑。不西巡：是指唐宪宗没有来得及实现收复西北疆土的愿望。
“牧羊”两句：这里是借苏武来比喻河湟百姓身陷异族而忠心不移。
凉州：原本是唐王朝西北属地，安史之乱中，吐蕃乘乱夺取。李唐王室出自陇西，所以偏好西北音乐。唐玄宗时凉州曾有《凉州新曲》献于朝廷。
闲人：闲散之人。
参考资料：
1、于海娣 等．唐诗鉴赏大全集．北京：中国华侨出版社，2010：372-373
2、吴 鸥．杜牧诗文选译．成都：巴蜀书社，1991：111-113
3、张国举．唐诗精华注译评．长春：长春出版社，2010：660-661
河湟创作背景
安史之乱爆发后，驻守在河西、陇右的军队东调平叛，吐蕃乘机进占了河湟地区，对唐朝政府造成了极大的威胁。杜牧有感于晚唐的内忧外患，热切主张讨平藩镇割据、抵御外族侵侮，因此对收复失地极为关心，先后写了好几首诗，《河湟》便是其中的一首。
参考资料：
1、吴 鸥．杜牧诗文选译．成都：巴蜀书社，1991：111-113
2、张明非 等．唐诗鉴赏辞典．上海：上海辞书出版社，1983：1059-1060
河湟鉴赏
此诗可分为两层。前四句一连使用了三个典故。“借箸”，用张良的故事。不仅用来代“筹划”一词，而且含有将元载比作张良的意思，从而表明诗人对他的推重。“衣冠就东市”，是用晁错的故事。意在说明元载的主张和遭遇与晁错颇为相似，暗示元载留心边事，有经营的策略。杜牧用晁错来作比较，表现出对晁错的推重和惋惜。“忽遗弓剑”采用黄帝乘龙升仙的传说，借指宪宗之死，并暗指宪宗喜好神仙，求长生之术。这里，诗人对宪宗被宦官所杀采取了委婉的说法，流露出对他猝然逝世的叹惋。以上全用叙述，不着议论，但诗人对河湟迟迟不能收复的感慨却溢于言表。
后四句用强烈的对照描写，表达了诗人鲜明的爱憎。河湟百姓尽管身着异族服装，“牧羊驱马”，处境十分艰难屈辱，但他们的心并没有被征服，白发丹心，永为汉臣。至于统治者，诗人不用直接描写的手法，而是抓住那些富贵闲人陶醉于原先从河湟传入京城的轻歌曼舞这样一个细节，便将他们的醉生梦死之态揭露得淋漓尽致。
这首诗的写法有两个特点。一是用典故影射时事。元载、宪宗、张良、晁错、苏武等皆已作古，而其故事各具内涵。二是转折和对比。前四句在意思上即为两组转折，突出壮志难酬的历史遗憾；后四句是将白发丹心的汉臣与沉迷歌舞的“闲人”对比，这里的“闲人”又与前四句中有安边之志的元载、宪宗形成对比。全诗寄寓了很深的讽刺含义。
这首诗的前四句叙元载、宪宗事，采用分承的方法，第三句承首句，第四句承次句。这样写不仅加强了慨叹的语气，而且显得跌宕有致。第三联正面写河湟百姓的浩然正气。“虽”和“尽”两个虚字用得极好，一抑一扬，笔势拗峭劲健。最后一联却又不直抒胸臆，而是将满腔抑郁不平之气故意以旷达幽默的语气表达出来，不仅加强了讽刺的力量，而且使全诗显得抑扬顿挫，余味无穷。这首诗，写得劲健而不枯直，阔大而显深沉，正如明代杨慎《升庵诗话》所说：“律诗至晚唐，李义山而下，惟杜牧之为最。宋人评其诗豪而艳，宕而丽，于律诗中特寓拗峭，以矫时弊。”这首《河湟》鲜明地体现出这种艺术特色。
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上一首：
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王野《
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西河》
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下一首：
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黄遵宪《
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赠梁任父母同年》
杜牧简介
唐代·杜牧的简介
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杜牧（公元803－约852年），字牧之，号樊川居士，汉族，京兆万年（今陕西西安）人，唐代诗人。杜牧人称“小杜”，以别于杜甫。与李商隐并称“小李杜”。因晚年居长安南樊川别墅，故后世称“杜樊川”，著有《樊川文集》。
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