北来人
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宋代]：刘克庄
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试说东都事，添人白发多。
寝园残石马，废殿泣铜驼。
胡运占难久，边情听易讹。
凄凉旧京女，妆髻尚宣和。
北来人译文及注释
译文
聊起了汴京旧事，使人头上的白发增多。
皇帝陵寝前的石马残败，荒废的宫殿外铜驼泣下如河。
推算胡人的气运难以长久，边地传来的情报大多错讹。
我这个旧时京城的女子无比凄凉，仍保留着宣和年间的梳妆衣着。
注释
东都：北宋的京城汴粱。
寝园：北宋皇帝的陵墓。残石马：黄帝陵基前的陈列物都已被摧残。
废殿：北宋皇帝住的宫殿也遭到破坏。泣铜驼：西晋索靖预见天下将要大乱，指着洛阳宫殿前陈列的铜制骆驼说：“会见汝在荆棘中耳”已而西晋不久被匈奴刘聪灭亡。
讹（é）：错误。
旧京：指汴梁。
妆髻（jì）：一种发式。宣和：宋徽宗年号（1119—1125）。
参考资料：
1、李梦生选编．宋诗三百首辞典：汉语大词典出版社，2002年05月：第385页
2、霍松林著．宋诗举要：安徽师范大学出版社，2015.06：第400-401页
北来人创作背景
南宋后期，政治更加黑暗，统治者以“岁币”换苟安，忘记了论陷多年的大好河山。诗人于是写下这组诗以抒悲愤。
参考资料：
1、霍松林著．宋诗举要：安徽师范大学出版社，2015.06：第400-401页
北来人鉴赏
这是一个从北方、从金人统治下南逃的人，怀着沉痛的心情，诉说故都及其附近荒凉景况和自己的悲惨经历。诗歌通篇都是这位“北来人”说的话，诗人没有出面铺叙事件、描绘场景，也没有穿插任何评判的语言，而诗人的思想感情完全可从北来人的叙述中体会出来。这样的叙事诗，显然是从杜甫“三吏”、“三别”一类的诗化出。这两首五律，记录了一个从金人统治的北方南逃的人的血泪控诉。
第一首描述北宋都城汴梁被占后的状况。开头“试说”二字含义深婉，隐约透露主人公不愿说、不忍说的悲抑心境。从而表明他的诉说是应别人的要求，不得已而为之的。这样，一箭双雕，写说者也就写了听者。听者身居东南，心里却老是惦记着北方的骨肉同胞，急欲知道他们的近况；对于故都汴梁，更是魂牵梦萦，一往情深。面对这样的问讯者，“北来人”诉说着，带着撕心裂肺的痛苦，以致白发频添，忧伤至极。接着正面写东都，交代忧伤的原因。宫殿、铜驼，是都城内的景物，石马是北宋诸帝陵园中的景物。然而，陵园内的石马已残破不堪，长眠于此的北宋诸帝死后还要蒙受亡国之耻。官门外的铜驼倾倒在荒烟蔓草之中，回忆昔日的繁华景象，亡国之痛和身世之悲一齐涌上心头，不禁泣下如雨。诗人选用这些最富特征的事物，涂以想象的浓烈色彩，对人于金人之手的都城面貌进行了艺术概括，用笔简洁而境界全出。“寝园残石马，废殿泣铜驼”，上句一个“残”字显示了陵园的悲惨变化；下句一个“泣”字则寄托了京都居民的哀痛，彼此映照，情景相生，感慨万千，低回不已。故都虽已残破不堪，而遗民的复国信念却始终没有动摇过，以致把边境传来的于南宋不利的消息，当作谣言，不愿听信。那些旧日京师的妇女，如今虽已素发飘萧，境况凄凉，但衣着妆束仍是当年模样。故国之思，终未消歇。
第二首由“北来人”介绍自己南逃的际遇和感触。一家十口同时离开北方，为的是过上安稳日子。不料频罹祸患，亲人相继丧生，如今独自一人，伶仃孤苦，犹如失群的孤雁，竟至无处栖身，被迫寄宿荒凉的寺院，吃的是自家种的蔬菜，穿的还是从中原带来的金人服装。个人的遭遇已然不堪忍受，国家的境况更加令人沮丧。南来以后看不到卧薪尝胆、秣马厉兵的图强之举，那些深院大宅里的当权者，整日歌舞宴乐，不问边情，不忧国事，长此以往，恐怕连偏安的局势也难维持，收复失地更是遥遥无期。“老身闽地死，不见翠銮归！”结语哀痛绝望。
此诗在表达上有三个特点，其一是诗人不转述中间环节，让主人公直接面对读者说话，这样，读者便会感到诗中所陈都是诉说者的亲身所历，语语发自肺腑。其二是运用对比的手法，以中原遗民思念故国与南宋小朝廷权贵歌舞升平相对比，褒贬之意不言而喻。其三是以叙事代替抒情。诗中也有直接抒情的语言，如开头的“试说东都事，添人白发多”和结尾的“老身闽地死，不见翠銮归”等，但纵观全篇，叙事是其基本手段，从东都说到南国，依次点染，脉络分明，其中提到的人和事都具有某种典型性，融汇成一体，寄托着诗人忧国忧民的深长情意。总之，这两首诗注重写实，却不失之板滞，原因在于以情疏导，质朴之外，更见自然流动，颇能体现诗人自己的风格。
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蒋捷《
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贺新郎·兵后寓吴》
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刘克庄《
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北来人》
刘克庄简介
唐代·刘克庄的简介
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刘克庄(1187～1269) 南宋诗人、词人、诗论家。字潜夫，号后村。福建莆田人。宋末文坛领袖，辛派词人的重要代表，词风豪迈慷慨。在江湖诗人中年寿最长，官位最高，成就也最大。晚年致力于辞赋创作，提出了许多革新理论。
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