河北民
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宋代]：王安石
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河北民，生近二边长苦辛。
家家养子学耕织，输与官家事夷狄。
今年大旱千里赤，州县仍催给河役。
老小相依来就南，南人丰年自无食。
悲愁天地白日昏，路旁过者无颜色。
汝生不及贞观中，斗粟数钱无兵戎！
河北民译文及注释
译文
河北的老百姓日子真够艰难，生活在边疆与辽国和西夏相连，
一家家生男育女学习耕织，粮食布帛交给朝廷再向敌国奉献。
今年的大旱灾赤地千里，州县官吏依然抓壮丁去把苦役承担，
老少相互搀扶向南逃荒，河南虽然丰收，老百姓也缺粮断餐，
边民的愁苦如阴云遮空，天昏地暗，行人见了无不神情黯然，
无法逢时生在贞观年间，那时几文钱买一斗稻谷，没有战乱！
注释
⑴河北：指黄河以北地方。
⑵二边：指北宋与契丹、西夏接壤的地区。长：长期。
⑶输与：送给，这里指缴税纳赋。官家：指朝廷。事：供奉。夷狄：中国古代东部、北部的两个少数民族，后用作泛称。这里指契丹和西夏。
⑷千里赤：赤地千里，寸草不生。赤，空。
⑸州县：指地方官府。给：应承，负担。河役：治理黄河的工役。
⑹就南：到南方就食谋生。南，指黄河以南。
⑺“悲愁”句：意谓百姓悲痛愁苦，在大白天也感到天昏地暗。
⑻无颜色：指愁容惨淡，面色苍白。
⑼贞观：唐太宗李世民的年号（627-649）。
⑽斗粟数钱：史称贞观年间，境内大治，连年丰收，一斗米价仅三、四文钱。兵戎：指战争。
参考资料：
1、高克勤．王安石诗文选评：上海古籍出版社，2003：26-27
2、陶文鹏．历史爱国诗歌选译：北京工业大学出版社，1995：278-279
3、谭蔚．中国古代田园诗赏析：贵州人民出版社，1986：155-156
4、雷启洪．王安石诗文赏析：广西人民出版社，1986：71-72
河北民创作背景
北宋朝廷每年向契丹（后改称辽）、西夏交纳大量银绢作为“岁币”，以求苟安。这年年岁岁的沉重经济负担首先落到边境百姓身上。庆历六年（1046），北方遭受严重早灾，王安石时淮南签判任满，在去京师的路上感受到这一严酷的社会现象，写下了这首诗。
参考资料：
1、霍松林 等．宋诗鉴赏辞典：上海辞书出版社，1987：199-201
2、雷启洪．王安石诗文赏析：广西人民出版社，1986：71-72
河北民鉴赏
王安石早年的诗歌创作学习杜甫关心政洽、同情人民疾苦的现实主义精神，他的诗风也有取于杜诗的“沉郁顿挫”。这首诗在王安石的早期诗作中是颇有代表性的，诗中反映河北人民在天灾人祸双重拆磨下的苦难生活，字字句句饱含血泪，并透露出诗人内心无比的沉痛和人溺己溺的焦虑。这就有几分逼近杜诗的“沉郁”。而诗人因采取转折累益、渐层深入、对比寄慨等表现手法而造成的文势跌宕之美，又可说是得力于杜诗的“顿挫”之妙。
“河北民，生近二边长苦辛”两句，开门见山地点明了一篇的题意。辽与西夏是宋朝的敌国，按一般的想法，这一带的人民大概困于连年的战祸，自然难免要“长苦辛”了，但诗人压根儿没有提到这一点。当时北宋王朝用屈辱的妥协换来了苟安局面，边界上本无大的战事，而边民的“辛苦”究竟有哪些，作者分三层来回答这一问题。
这是第一层。河北之民，勤劳成习。“家家”者，风气普遍，无一例外之谓也。勤劳是取富之道。男耕女织，勿使相失，按照孟子的说法，可“衣帛食肉，黎民不饥不寒。”（《孟子·梁惠王上》）可是现在的倩况却不然。劳动所得先交给朝廷，朝廷转手送给辽国与西夏。送的名目，说来痛心，对辽称“纳”，对西夏称“赐”。“赐”字虽然比“纳”字中听些，但没有受人威胁而又“赐”人以物之理，王安石用一个“事”字来概括，可谓得体。用予敌银、绢的办法来御敌，虽然有点荒唐，但这是北宋的一项国策，要长期奉行，因此河北之民只好“长苦辛”了。在这一层中，前后两句在对比中造成转折之势，从而波浪式地把诗意向前推进。
“今年大旱千里赤，州县仍催给河役”。这是第二层。大旱之年，赤地千里，哀鸿遍野，作为官府，理应开仓赈济，活彼黎庶，但现实的情况恰恰相反，州县两级官吏不顾人民死活，把最有生产自救能力的丁壮抽去上河工，丢下老弱妇孺不管。“仍”字见官府墨守陈规，赋役杂税，无一减免。“催”字状其急如星火。用字极为精确。对外怯儒畏葸，对内凶狠强横，这也是北宋朝廷长期奉行的国策，因此河北之民又只好“长苦辛”了。在这一层中，前后两句在对照中造成累叠之势，这是诗家所谓的“加一倍写法”，从而使文气旋转而下。以下即写人民不得不离乡背井。
“老小相携来就南，南人丰年自无食。”这是第三层。边地既无活命希望，边民只好向南逃荒求生。“老小相携”四字寓无限悲惨之意。因为丁壮既为官府抽调，所剩只有老弱妇孺。在忍饥挨饿的情况下长途跋涉，老弱需要搀扶，妇孺需要照顾，而现在一切都无所巴望，只好老小相携而行。而一个诱人的消息在鼓舞着他们：南方丰收，就食有望。但当他们历尽千辛万苦来到黄河之南以后，竟发现河南人民也在挨饿。希望终于破灭。至此，二边人民的生计完全断绝。他们中间的大部分人必将困饿而死；侥幸活下来的人，则更将“长”伴“苦辛”，永无尽期。在这一层中，前后两句在映衬中造成开拓之势，从而暗示出“长苦辛”不是河北之民所独罹，河南之民以及其他内地之民无不如此；“长苦辛”的原因，不止是因为“近边”、“大旱”，即使是内地与丰年照样不能幸免。这就为造成这种局面的原因留下了想象空间，扩展了全诗的思想意义。
上述三层，紧扣开头“长苦辛”三字而来，一层比一层深入地铺叙了河北之民所受“苦辛”的可悲，字里行间还透露出诗人对这种现象的严重关注和对受苦人民的深切同情。尽管前者是明写，后者是暗寓，但正由于在叙事中有主观的情韵，所以虽然用的是赋法，而感人的力量同样极为强烈。至第三层叙毕，边民的深愁极苦已无以复加，作者的心情也惆怅难述，于是便转换角度，专事气氛的渲染：“悲愁白日天地昏，路旁过者无颜色。”上句为正面描写，形容边民的悲愁之气犹如阴云惨雾，弥漫太空，致使白日为之无光，
天地为之昏黑。下句为侧面描写，指出道旁行人见此惨象，也不禁感到悲痛欲绝，色沮神丧。这两句都承上文理路而来，但前者虚，后者实，通过虚实相生，使诗中所写的内容更为惊心动魄，作者的感情脉络也趋于明朗。篇末两句采用古今对比的手法寄托自己的深意：贞观是唐太宗李世民的年号。贞观十五年（641），唐太宗曾对侍臣谈到自己有二喜：“比年丰稔，长安斗粟直三、四钱，一喜也；北虏久服，边鄙无虎，二喜也。”（《资治通鉴》卷一九六）北宋积贫积弱的局面和对外退让的情形正好与唐太佘所说的“二喜”构成鲜明对比。王安石用感叹的口吻对流民宣传“贞视之治”的美好，这不仅是对流民的安慰，更是对时政的批判。
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曹操《
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精列》
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王安石《
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河北民》
王安石简介
唐代·王安石的简介
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王安石（1021年12月18日－1086年5月21日），字介甫，号半山，谥文，封荆国公。世人又称王荆公。汉族，北宋抚州临川人（今江西省抚州市临川区邓家巷人），中国北宋著名政治家、思想家、文学家、改革家，唐宋八大家之一。欧阳修称赞王安石：“翰林风月三千首，吏部文章二百年。老去自怜心尚在，后来谁与子争先。”传世文集有《王临川集》、《临川集拾遗》等。其诗文各体兼擅，词虽不多，但亦擅长，且有名作《桂枝香》等。而王荆公最得世人哄传之诗句莫过于《泊船瓜洲》中的“春风又绿江南岸，明月何时照我还。”
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樗林散人为严处士赋
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明代：
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潘希曾
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散木岂无用，散人何可羁。树来广莫野，看到逍遥时。
朝市甘抛弃，烟霞足护持。高风千载上，谁嗣考槃诗。
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题山水画四首 其三 欧阳永叔秋声赋
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：
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刘崧
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群木飒萧萧，虚堂坐寂寥。秋声方永夜，月色自中宵。
目倦青编过，眠迟绛蜡消。平生江海志，及此叹飘摇。
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鹧鸪天 其十二
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宋代：
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周紫芝
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彩鹢双飞雪浪翻。楚歌声转绿杨湾。一川红旆初衔日，两岸朱楼不下帘。
阑倚处，玉垂纤。白团扇底藕丝衫。未成密约回秋水，看得羞时隔画檐。
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再访左卿居九条胡同门临石井 其一
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明代：
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王彦泓
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欢筵散后剩无聊，淡日庭阴雪未消。买笑敢云非措大，送愁无奈是茶娇。
萧疏客从才三骑，曲折胡同到九条。望见井床私怅望，莫应愁减丽华腰。