读山海经十三首·其十二
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魏晋]：陶渊明
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鸱鴸见城邑，其国有放士。
念彼怀王世，当时数来止。
青丘有奇鸟，自言独见尔；
本为迷者生，不以喻君子。
读山海经十三首·其十二译文及注释
译文
鸱鴸出现在城里，国内便有放逐士。
想那楚国怀王时，此鸟必定常飞至。
青丘之山有奇鸟，独自出现人不知。
本来就为迷者生，不必晓喻贤君子。
注释
鸱鴸（chīzhū）：鸟名。见（xiàn）：出现。
怀王：楚怀王，战国末期楚国君主。屈原便在怀王时被放逐的。
读山海经十三首·其十二鉴赏
此诗用《山海经》中两则奇异之鸟的神话，来表达诗人对政治时事的感慨，其内涵具显隐两重。从表层看，含义颇为明确，古今学者多有解说。大致而言，是采《南山经》所记述的鸱鴸、灌灌故事：柜山“有鸟焉，其状如鸱而人手，其音如痹，其名曰鴸，其鸣自号也，见则其县多放士”；青丘之山“有鸟焉，其状如鸠，其音若呵，名曰灌灌，佩之不惑”，通过对当年楚国屈原被放而怀王不悟，终至亡国的历史教训的回顾，影射批评东晋政权在GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>用人上的亲信邪佞，疏放忠良，不重正士。此层含义，感慨极深，理想和现实的冲突也很强烈，它们一方面体现了渊明在当时特有的关于“入国而不存其士，则亡国矣……非士无以虑国，缓贤忘士，而能以其国存者，未曾有也”的治国尚贤重士的政治理念，另一方面也包含了诗人自己在东晋社会里所深切体会到的“雷同毁异，物恶其上，妙算者谓迷，直道者云妄。坦至公而无猜，卒蒙耻以受谤，虽怀琼而握兰，徒芳洁而谁亮”的感士不遇的家国身世之叹。如进一步对此诗的深层含蕴进行探索，可以发现，此诗还在一层奇幻迷离的神话气氛遮蔽下，隐含有陶渊明对当时敏感政治时事的进一步揭露之成分。具体而言，此诗在引用《山海经》传说时，也利用上古神话系统，借“鸱鴸”之语言符号，暗示了恭帝被害的历史真相，在命义上，与诗人大致在同一时期所作的《述酒》有异曲同工之处。
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皇甫松《
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陶渊明《
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读山海经十三首·其十二》
陶渊明简介
唐代·陶渊明的简介
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陶渊明（约365年—427年），字元亮，（又一说名潜，字渊明）号五柳先生，私谥“靖节”，东晋末期南朝宋初期诗人、文学家、辞赋家、散文家。汉族，东晋浔阳柴桑人（今江西九江）。曾做过几年小官，后辞官回家，从此隐居，田园生活是陶渊明诗的主要题材，相关作品有《饮酒》、《归园田居》、《桃花源记》、《五柳先生传》、《归去来兮辞》等。
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