始为奉礼忆昌谷山居
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唐代]：李贺
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扫断马蹄痕，衙回自闭门。
长枪江米熟，小树枣花春。
向壁悬如意，当帘阅角巾。
犬书曾去洛，鹤病悔游秦。
土甑封茶叶，山杯锁竹根。
不知船上月，谁棹满溪云？
始为奉礼忆昌谷山居译文及注释
译文
门前洒扫，看不到车轮马蹄的痕迹；从官署回来，自己要亲手把门关闭。
大锅里煮熟的，只是那普通的糯米；春天的庭院，只有小枣树花嫩又稀。
百无聊赖，赏玩悬挂在墙上的如意；竹帘前闲坐，看取方巾牵动着乡思。
像黄耳犬送书，我也有信寄往家去；怀念病中之妻，我后悔旅居来京师。
遥想家中，茶叶被封藏在那瓦罐里；竹根酒杯被锁起，无人再把酒来吃。
不知道啊，在这明月朗照的小船上，谁人在举桨摇荡那彩云倒映的小溪？
注释
奉礼：即奉礼郎，太常寺属官，掌君臣版位，以奉朝会祭祀之礼。昌谷：李贺家乡，在河南府福昌县（今河南宜阳）。
长枪：长鎗，即长铛，有脚有耳的平底锅。江米：糯米。
如意：二尺长的铁器，古人用以指画方向和防身。
角巾：四方形有棱角的冠巾。私居时戴用。
犬书：谓家书。晋代陆机仕于洛阳，久无家信，乃系书犬颈，命其送至家乡，取得回信，驰还洛阳。事见《艺文类聚》九四任昉《述异记》。
鹤病：喻妻病。乐府《艳歌何尝行》古辞：“飞来双白鹤，乃从西北来。十十五五，罗列成行。妻卒被病，不能相随。”游秦：宦游于长安。
甑（zèng）：瓦罐。
竹根：用竹根制成的酒杯。
棹（zhào）：划船工具，此指以棹划船。
参考资料：
1、吴企明 编选．李贺集．南京：凤凰出版社，2014：41-43
2、徐传武．李贺诗集译注．济南：山东教育出版社，1992：16-19
始为奉礼忆昌谷山居创作背景
李贺虽瘦弱多病，但为人志向远大，渴望建功立业，但一直不得重用。于是在元和四年（809年）被任命为朝廷奉礼郎之后不久，李贺因怀念家山昌谷时写下《始为奉礼忆昌谷山居》。
参考资料：
1、吴企明 编选．李贺集．南京：凤凰出版社，2014：41-43
始为奉礼忆昌谷山居鉴赏
李贺当时住在长安崇义里，曾写了首《崇义里滞雨》，表达了壮志成空，愁恨不已之心情，加上穷困孤独，自己的心境也像是阴暗的里巷和淅沥不断的秋雨一样。这很能反映他担任奉礼郎时的处境和心境，与《始为奉礼忆昌谷山居》所要抒发和表达的情感相近。只不过后者更强调家山的美好和对故乡的怀念。诗人将昔日在家山品茶饮酒的悠闲自在景与眼前退衙回来闭门独坐的孤独以及“鹤病悔游秦”的病痛相互比照，旨在强调身在仕途无法实现理想抱负的喟叹。失落加上乡愁，更增添几分愁苦，也更加深了诗人对故乡的怀念。
诗题中提到的“昌谷山居”即是诗人的故乡所在地。昌谷，位于今洛阳西南宜阳县境内。今日的宜阳，显得偏僻和贫穷，但在隋唐时期，此地则是江淮粮赋陆路和漕运的重要中转站。其中李贺居家的三乡驿（今名三乡乡），是当时从洛阳通往长安大道上的一座重要驿站。为唐代诸帝东巡必经之地，在此建有连昌宫、兰昌宫等行宫，武则天、唐玄宗都曾在此驻跸，其中的连昌宫更因元稹的《连昌宫词》而闻名千古。
此诗的前半首，扣住“始为奉礼”行笔，总写居官羁旅无聊之情状。“扫断”、“雅回”两句，叙述官职卑微，门庭冷落；“长枪”、“小树”两句，写江米煮熟，食馔简单，除枣花外，室无珍玩。这四句，全无半点寒酸气却道尽窘迫。即是小官，又全无半点迎逢心思，自是门可罗雀；回到家里自己动手关门，没有仆人书童；特意说出煮的是江米，或许是在暗示除此之外别无其它；至于小树枣花，那不过是平凡窄小的院落里一棵普通的树罢了。如此这般，一个异地为官生活勉强郁郁不得志的年轻人形象跃然纸上。“向壁”、“当帘”两句，写闲对如意、角巾，言外寄托“归欤”之意。
诗的后半首，转而写题上“忆昌谷山居”之意。忆家，故作家书，以付黄犬；忆亲人，因妻病而追悔至京求仕。“土甑封茶叶，山杯锁竹根”，可见主人不在；“不知船上月，谁棹满溪云”，月夜又有谁在船上摇荡着满溪的云影？用反诘句收结，意想飞驰，巧妙表现出“忆”的风韵，“末二尤得忆家神理”（《协律钩玄》卷一引董伯音语）。
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贾岛《
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暮过山村》
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徐再思《
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水仙子·夜雨》
李贺简介
唐代·李贺的简介
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李贺（约公元791年-约817年），字长吉，汉族，唐代河南福昌（今河南洛阳宜阳县）人，家居福昌昌谷，后世称李昌谷，是唐宗室郑王李亮后裔。有“诗鬼”之称，是与“诗圣”杜甫、“诗仙”李白、“诗佛”王维相齐名的唐代著名诗人。著有《昌谷集》。李贺是中唐的浪漫主义诗人，与李白、李商隐称为唐代三李。有“‘太白仙才，长吉鬼才’之说。李贺是继屈原、李白之后，中国文学史上又一位颇享盛誉的浪漫主义诗人。李贺长期的抑郁感伤，焦思苦吟的生活方式，元和八年（813年）因病辞去奉礼郎回昌谷，27岁英年早逝。
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