论诗三十首·二十五
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金朝]:元好问
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乱后玄都失故基,看花诗在只堪悲。
刘郎也是人间客,枉向春风怨兔葵。
论诗三十首·二十五鉴赏
《戏赠看花诸君子》:刘禹锡此诗,通过人们在长安一所道观――玄都观看花这一生活琐事,讽刺了当时的朝廷新贵。这首诗表明上看诗描写人们去玄都观看桃花的情景,实质上却是讽刺当时权贵的。千树桃花,喻十年来由于投机而在政治上得意的新贵;看花人,喻趋炎附势、攀高结贵之徒。他们为了富贵利禄奔走权门,就如同在紫陌红尘中赶热闹看桃花一样。最后一句指出,这些权贵不过是我被排挤出外以后被提拔起来的罢了。这首诗中的轻蔑和讽刺是辛辣的,所以《旧唐书·刘禹锡传》说是“语涉讥刺”,《新唐书·刘禹锡传》说是“语讥忿”。
《再游玄都观》这首诗是上一首的续篇。从表面上看,它只写玄都观中桃花盛衰存亡,实际上是旧事重提,象权贵挑战。桃花比新贵,种桃道士指打击革新运动的当权者。但是他们已经“树倒猢狲散”了,而被排挤的人,却又回来了,真是世事难料。诗人表现了不屈和乐观。所以,《旧唐书·刘禹锡传》说:“执政又闻诗序,滋不悦”,《新唐书·刘禹锡传》未引诗歌,却引出序中兔葵、燕麦等语尤为不满。
这首诗是批评刘禹锡的《戏赠看花诸君子》和《再游玄都观》二诗及诗歌的怨刺问题。元好问论诗,主张温柔敦厚,明确反对直露刻薄的怨刺。在他众多的诗文禁忌中,就有“无狡讦”、“无为妾妇妒,无为仇敌谤伤”等形式戒条。他认为,即使有“不能自掩”的“伤谗疾恶不平之气”,也应该“责之愈深,其旨愈婉,怨之愈深,其辞愈缓”(《杨叔能小亨集引》)。
在这首诗中,元好问实际上是继承前人的观点,批评《再游玄都观》及其诗序的怨刺失度。元好问认为,如果说刘禹锡的《戏赠看花诸君子》一诗是戏赠之作,尚无伤大雅,但《再游玄都观》一诗就怨刺失度了,尤其是诗序中所谓“重游玄都,荡然无复一树,唯有兔葵燕麦动摇于春风耳”,将所有当权者斥为兔葵、燕麦,打击面太大,贬损太过,不免流于刻薄。前两句概括刘禹锡创作《再游玄都观》的背景,“乱后”指刘禹锡被贬十四年间皇权迭变、宦官专权、藩镇割据的动乱时局,“失故基”指刘禹锡诗前小序所说“荡然无复一树”的衰败景象,看花诗指《戏赠看花诸君子》一诗。这两句诗认为当时一切只值得悲伤,不应该再出怨刺之语。后两句是全诗的关键,“刘郎”一句,借用刘诗“前度刘郎今又来”之语,说刘禹锡也是凡人。“枉向”一句,拈出《再游玄都观》诗序为批评重点。“枉”是“错”的意思,与“枉著书生待鲁连”(《论诗三十首》)的“枉”字同意。两句连在一起,是说刘禹锡也是凡人,不能免俗,却错将所有人都指斥为东风中的兔葵、燕麦一类,加以嘲讽。可见,这首诗着重批评《再游玄都观》尤其是诗序的怨刺失当。
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上一首:
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元好问《
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论诗三十首·十七》
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下一首:
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元好问《
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论诗三十首·二十八》
元好问简介
唐代·元好问的简介
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元好问,字裕之,号遗山,太原秀容(今山西忻州)人;系出北魏鲜卑族拓跋氏,元好问过继叔父元格;七岁能诗,十四岁从学郝天挺,六载而业成;兴定五年(1221)进士,不就选;正大元年(1224 ),中博学宏词科,授儒林郎,充国史院编修,历镇平、南阳、内乡县令。八年(1231)秋,受诏入都,除尚书省掾、左司都事,转员外郎;金亡不仕,元宪宗七年卒于获鹿寓舍;工诗文,在金元之际颇负重望;诗词风格沉郁,并多伤时感事之作。其《论诗》绝句三十首在中国文学批评史上颇有地位;作有《遗山集》又名《遗山先生文集》,编有《中州集》。
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