黍离
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两汉]：佚名
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彼黍离离，彼稷之苗。行迈靡靡，中心摇摇。知我者，谓我心忧；不知我者，谓我何求。悠悠苍天，此何人哉？
彼黍离离，彼稷之穗。行迈靡靡，中心如醉。知我者，谓我心忧；不知我者，谓我何求。悠悠苍天，此何人哉？
彼黍离离，彼稷之实。行迈靡靡，中心如噎。知我者，谓我心忧；不知我者，谓我何求。悠悠苍天，此何人哉？
黍离创作背景
《王风·黍离》一诗的背景，《毛诗序》说：“《黍离》，闵宗周也。周大夫行役，至于宗周，过故宗庙宫室，尽为禾黍。闵周室之颠覆，彷徨不忍去，而作是诗也。”但历来争讼颇多，三家诗中韩、鲁遗说与毛序异，宋儒程颐更有臆说以为“彼稷之苗”是彼后稷之苗。
参考资料：
1、王秀梅 译注．诗经（上）：国风．北京：中华书局，2015：133-135
2、姜亮夫 等．先秦诗鉴赏辞典．上海：上海辞书出版社，1998：132-134
黍离鉴赏
关于《黍离》一诗的主旨，虽然《诗序》说得明白：“黍离，闵宗周也。周大夫行役，至于宗周，过故宗庙宫室，尽为禾黍。闵周室之颠覆，彷徨不忍去，而作是诗也。”而且从此诗序于王风之首，确见其为编诗者之意旨。但历来争讼颇多，三家诗中韩、鲁遗说与毛序异，宋儒程颐更有臆说以为“彼稷之苗”是彼后稷之苗。近人读诗，新说迭出，比较有代表性的有郭沫若在《中国古代社会研究》中将其定为旧家贵族悲伤自己的破产而作，余冠英则在《诗经选》中认为当是流浪者诉述他的忧思。还有蓝菊荪的爱国志士忧国怨战说（《诗经国风今译》），程俊英的难舍家园说（《诗经译注》）等。说法虽多，诗中所蕴含的那份因时世变迁所引起的忧思是无可争辩的，虽然从诗文中无法确见其具体背景，但其显示的沧桑感带给读者的心灵震撼是值得细加体味的。另一方面，从诗教角度视之，正因其为大夫闵宗周之作，故得列于《王风》之首，此为诗说正统，不可不及，以下从两方面细析之。
闵宗周之诗何以列于《王风》之首，先得弄清何为《王风》，郑笺云：“宗周，镐京也，谓之西周。周，王城也，谓之东周。幽王之乱而宗周灭，平王东迁，政遂微弱，下列于诸侯，其诗不能复《雅》，而同于《国风》焉。”可见《王风》兼有地理与政治两方面的含义，从地理上说是王城之歌，从政治上说，已无《雅》诗之正，故为《王风》。此诗若如《诗序》所言，其典型情境应该是：平王东迁不久，朝中一位大夫行役至西周都城镐京，即所谓宗周，满目所见，已没有了昔日的城阙宫殿，也没有了都市的繁盛荣华，只有一片郁茂的黍苗尽情地生长，也许偶尔还传来一两声野雉的哀鸣，此情此景，令诗作者不禁悲从中来，涕泪满衫。这样的情和这样的景化而为诗是可以有多种作法的，诗人选取的是一种物象浓缩化而情感递进式发展的路子，于是这首诗具有了更为宽泛和长久的激荡心灵的力量。
全诗共三章，每章十句。三章间结构相同，取同一物象不同时间的表现形式完成时间流逝、情景转换、心绪压抑三个方面的发展，在迂回往复之间表现出主人公不胜忧郁之状，“三章只换六字，而一往情深，低回无限”（方玉润《诗经原始》）。
诗首章写诗人行役至宗周，过访故宗庙宫室时，所见一片葱绿，当年的繁盛不见了，昔日的奢华也不见了，就连刚刚经历的战火也难觅印痕了，看哪，那绿油油的一片是黍在盛长，还有那稷苗凄凄。“一切景语皆情语也”（王国维《人间词话》），黍稷之苗本无情意，但在诗人眼中，却是勾起无限愁思的引子，于是他缓步行走在荒凉的小路上，不禁心旌摇摇，充满怅惘。怅惘尚能承受，令人不堪者是这种忧思不能被理解，“知我者谓我心忧，不知我者谓我何求”。这是众人皆醉我独醒的尴尬，这是心智高于常人者的悲哀。这种大悲哀诉诸人间是难得回应的，只能质之于天：“悠悠苍天，此何人哉？”苍天自然也无回应，此时诗人郁懑和忧思便又加深一层。
第二章和第三章，基本场景未变，但“稷苗”已成“稷穗”和“稷实”。稷黍成长的过程颇有象征意味，与此相随的是诗人从“中心摇摇”到“如醉”、“如噎”的深化。而每章后半部分的感叹和呼号虽然在形式上完全一样，但在一次次反覆中加深了沉郁之气，这是歌唱，更是痛定思痛之后的长歌当哭。难怪此后历次朝代更迭过程中都有人吟唱着《黍离》诗而泪水涟涟：从曹植唱《情诗》到向秀赋《思旧》，从刘禹锡的《乌衣巷》到姜夔的《扬州慢》，无不体现这种兴象风神。
其实，诗中除了黍和稷是具体物象之外，都是空灵抽象的情境，抒情主体“我”具有很强的不确定性，基于这一点，欣赏者可根据自己不同的遭际从中寻找到与心灵相契的情感共鸣点。诸如物是人非之感，知音难觅之憾，世事沧桑之叹，无不可借此宣泄。更进一层，透过诗文所提供的具象，读者可以看到一个孤独的思想者，面对虽无灵性却充满生机的大自然，对自命不凡却无法把握自己命运的人类的前途的无限忧思，这种忧思只有“知我者”才会理解，可这“知我者”是何等样的人：“悠悠苍天，此何人哉？”充满失望的呼号中读者看到了另一个诗人的影子。“前不见古人，后不见来者，念天地之悠悠，独怆然而涕下”！吟出《登幽州台歌》的陈子昂心中所怀的正是这种难以被世人所理解的对人类命运的忧思。读此诗者当三思之。
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佚名《
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大雅·大明》
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佚名《
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蜉蝣》
佚名简介
唐代·佚名的简介
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清代：
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顾炎武
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闰位穷元季，真符启圣人。九州殊夏裔，万古肇君臣。
武德三王后，文思二帝邻。卜年乘王气，定鼎属休辰。