调笑令·胡马
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唐代]：韦应物
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胡马，胡马，远放燕支山下。跑沙跑雪独嘶，东望西望路迷。迷路，迷路，边草无穷日暮。
调笑令·胡马译文及注释
译文
有一匹胡马，被远放在燕支山下。它在沙地上、雪地上来回地用蹄子刨，独自嘶鸣着，它停下来东张张，西望望，发现自己迷路了。而此刻，辽阔的大草原茫茫无边，天色将晚。
注释
胡：古代对北方和西方各族的泛称。
燕支山：在今甘肃省张掖市山丹县境内。
跑：同“刨”。
嘶：马叫声。
调笑令·胡马鉴赏
这首小令运用象征的手法，表现离乡远戍的士卒的孤独和惆怅。作者以清晰的线条，单纯的色调，描绘了边地辽阔的草原风光，和徬徨在这奇异雄壮的大自然中的胡马的形象。语言浅直而意蕴深曲。燕支山，即焉支山，位于甘肃省永昌县西，古长城附近。唐代此地与东突厥接壤，是边境。这是此词所涉及的地理环境。从词中首先可看到燕支山下的四季风光。春，风沙扑面；冬，大雪盖地；夏，绿草如茵；秋，天高云淡。胡马就活动在这样的背景中。作者描写了一天中马的生活，它是在与风雪搏斗和期望中度过的。词的末句摄下的是，在桔黄的浑圆的落日渐渐沉没到地平线下，暮蔼笼罩大地那最易引起乡思离愁的时刻，胡马在天边的草原上的孤寂形象。仿佛它在为岁月有限与草原无限的对比而怅惘。在对景物的描写中处处交织着胡马的情绪。
词作写了边地风光而并非主旨。在对马的拟人化的描写中，揭示了它的象征意义。“远放燕支山下”，“放”字已说明胡马非野马。“放”前着一“远”字，令人遐想。“远放”既给人以辽远的空间感，又使人见出“胡马”并非胡地之马，而是被远远地放到接近胡地的马。这时已使人感到马的象征性。但从进一步的描写中，象征意义就明显得不容置疑了。一般说来，放马时间是在夏天水草肥美，没有战事或农闲的时候，目的是节省草料，并使马吃到鲜草而肥壮。而“跑沙跑雪独嘶，东望西望路迷”，又写这匹马在风沙中、在大雪中迷失道路，不停地奔波，孤独地嘶鸣，惶惑不安地四处张望，寻找着、呼唤着伴侣。仔细揣摩，就会发现其中有两点矛盾：一，“放”马不会在风雪中；二，既然“放”马，马必有主人，不会迷路。产生这些矛盾不能归结于艺术高于生活，是因为作者把马当作人来写。如果将马看作是戍卒的象征，就合情合理了。“迷路”是戍卒的感觉，与“何处是归程？长亭更短亭”意近，而春秋代序，年复一年，在塞外无边风沙中长期戍守正是戍边战士的生活。
此词用准确精炼的词语，含蓄曲折地表现了马的情绪，即戍边战士的情思。“远放”、“独嘶”、“无穷”这三个词都有一定的相对性，远对近，独对偶，无穷对有尽。正是这种相对性的张力表现了戍卒在此种情境中对彼种情境的向往。即戍卒从内地被遣放到边疆的感受、征戍生活的艰苦和思亲盼归的心绪。轻松的笔调表现深刻的主题，平浅的语言有着丰富的内涵，淡笔勾勒的画面浸润着浓郁的感情。
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韦应物简介
唐代·韦应物的简介
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韦应物（737～792），中国唐代诗人。汉族，长安(今陕西西安)人。今传有10卷本《韦江州集》、两卷本《韦苏州诗集》、10卷本《韦苏州集》。散文仅存一篇。因出任过苏州刺史，世称“韦苏州”。诗风恬淡高远，以善于写景和描写隐逸生活著称。
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