河湟旧卒
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唐代]：张乔
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少年随将讨河湟，头白时清返故乡。
十万汉军零落尽，独吹边曲向残阳。
河湟旧卒译文及注释
译文
青年时代就已经随军参加征讨河湟的边防之战，等到头发发白，边境安定的时候才返回故乡。
十万将士如今生死难还，没有几个了。只剩下我吹着边疆的曲子空对斜阳。
注释
河湟：青海境内的二水汇合地区。河，黄河；湟，湟水。
时清：指天下安定，没有战争烽烟。
零落：草木凋零，此喻死者甚多，生还者甚少。
边曲：边地的曲调。
河湟旧卒创作背景
河湟地区是唐与吐蕃交战之地，连年交战，使双方都付出了沉重的代价。大中五年（851），张义潮率兵彻底收复河湟地区，诗中老兵即其中一员。此诗写年老的戍卒在获准返乡时，想起覆没的十万唐军，独自对着残阳吹起边曲的凄凉情景。
参考资料：
1、唐诗观止编委会．唐诗观止．北京：学林出版社，2015：106
河湟旧卒鉴赏
湟水源出青海，东流入甘肃与黄河汇合。湟水流域及与黄河合流的一带地方称“河湟”。诗中“河湟”指吐蕃统治者从唐肃宗以来所侵占的河西陇右之地。公元849年（宣宗大中三年），吐蕃以秦、原、安乐三州及右门等七关归唐；公元851年（大中五年），张义潮略定瓜、伊等十州，遣使入献图籍，于是河湟之地尽复。近百年间的战争给人民造成巨大痛苦。此诗所写的“河湟旧卒”，就是当时久戍幸存的一个老兵。诗通过这个人的遭遇，反映出了那个动乱时代。
此诗叙事简淡，笔调亦闲雅平和，意味很不易一时穷尽。首句言“随将讨河湟”似乎还带点豪气；次句说“时清返故乡”似乎颇为庆幸；在三句所谓“十万汉军零落尽”的背景下尤见生还之难能，似乎更可庆幸。末了集中为人物造象，那老兵在黄昏时分吹笛，似乎还很悠闲自得呢。
以上说的都是“似乎”如此，当读者细玩诗意却会发现全不如此。通篇诗字里行间、尤其是“独吹边曲向残阳”的图景中，流露出一种深沉的哀伤。“残阳”二字所暗示的日薄西山的景象，对一位“头白”老人来说，那几乎是气息奄奄、朝不虑夕的一个象征。一个“独”字又交代了这个老人目前处境，暗示出他从军后家园所发生的重大变故，使得他垂老无家。这个字几乎抵得上古诗《十五从军征》的全部内容：少小从军，及老始归，而园庐蒿藜，身陷穷独之境。从“少年”到“头白”，多少年的殷切盼望，俱成泡影。
而此人毕竟是生还了，而更多的边兵有着更其悲惨的命运，他们暴骨沙场，是永远回不到家园了。“十万汉军零落尽”，就从侧面落笔，反映了唐代人民为战争付出的惨重代价，这层意思却是《十五从军征》所没有的，它使此绝句所表达的内容更见深广。这层意思通过幸存者的伤悼来表现，更加耐人玩味。而这伤悼没明说出，是通过“独吹边曲”四字见出的。边庭的乐曲，足以勾起征戍者的别恨、乡思，他多年来该是早已听腻了。既已生还故乡，似不当更吹。却偏要吹，可见旧恨未消。这大约是回家后失望无聊情绪的自然流露。他西向边庭（“向残阳”）而吹之，又当饱含对于弃骨边地的故人、战友的深切怀念，这又是日暮之新愁了。“十万汉军零落尽”，而幸存者又陷入不幸之境，则“时清”二字也值得玩味了，那是应加上引号的。
可见此诗句意深婉，题旨与《十五从军征》相近而手法相远。古诗铺述丰富详尽，其用意与好处都易看出；而“作绝句必须涵括一切，笼罩万有，着墨不多，而蓄意无尽，然后可谓之能手，比古诗当然为难”（陶明濬《诗说杂记》），此诗即以含蓄手法抒情，从淡语中见深旨，故能短语长事，愈读愈有味。
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徐锡麟《
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出塞》
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陇西行四首》
张乔简介
唐代·张乔的简介
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（生卒年不详)，今安徽贵池人，懿宗咸通中年进士，当时与许棠、郑谷、张宾等东南才子称“咸通十哲”黄巢起义时，隐居九华山以终。其诗多写山水自然，不乏清新之作诗清雅巧思，风格也似贾岛。
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