河湟有感
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唐代]：司空图
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一自萧关起战尘，河湟隔断异乡春。
汉儿尽作胡儿语，却向城头骂汉人。
河湟有感译文及注释
译文
自从萧关一战后，春风便再也吹不到河湟地区了。
而今汉家儿童都说胡人语，却向着城头骂着汉人。
注释
河湟（huáng）：黄河与湟水，指河西、陇右地区。
萧关：古关塞名，故址在今甘肃固原县北。
异乡：此谓异域。
河湟有感创作背景
安史之乱时，边防空虚，吐蕃乘机于广德元年（763），侵入大震关，兰州、秦州等河西、陇右地区均告失陷。又贞元六年（790），吐蕃陷北庭都护府，安西阻绝。司空图这首《河湟有感》即悲叹河湟因长久失陷，致使汉蕃生聚，民不思归的局面。
参考资料：
1、霍松林．霍松林选集·第十卷．陕西：陕西师范大学出版总社有限公司，2010：359
河湟有感鉴赏
前两句诗人用精炼的语言说明了吐蕃借唐朝内乱乘机攻占河湟的历史事实。萧关当时为河湟与内地之间重要军事关塞。萧关一陷，河湟阻绝，诗中用“隔断异乡春”形象地表明河湟与内地音讯不通，处于西地分裂局面的状况。此处，“春”者，非仅言季节或气候，更是指民族习惯，民族情感而言。郎士元《送李将军赴邓州》诗中有“春色临关尽，黄云出塞多”，是偏重于对边地气候环境的特征来说的。司空图在“春”字之前，冠上“异乡”，再形容为“隔断”，足见其非仅言河湟气候与内地不同，而是欲为读者指出，处于吐蕃统治下的河湟地区，人们已无法感受唐朝教化，况“蕃音虏曲直难分”，汉人也逐渐蕃化，民族感情亦渐消失，十分让人伤痛啊。句中“一自”和“隔断”包含时间的先后，也是事件的因果，暗含了诗人对分裂局面的沉痛心情。
后两句写诗人对汉儿学胡语感到不幸和痛心。“汉儿学得胡儿语，却向城头骂汉人”写出诗人为之痛心，为之落泪的不幸事实。本来，华夷杂居，彼此感化，是很正常的，亦为史书或诗文所常见。“花门将军善胡歌，叶河蕃王能汉语”、“胡儿向化新长成，犹自千回问汉王”。都反映了彼此和睦相处的情况。然而，这首诗中诗人所悲叹的是，因为长期沦陷，河湟汉儿已是语言改变，民族情感淡薄。诗人对此痛心嫉首，扼腕叹息。南宋陆游《送范舍人归朝》：“东都儿童作胡语，常时思此气生瘿。”写处于金朝统治的开封，汉家儿童的语言变化，与司空图反映的是同一种情况。
这首诗不重叙事，而在抒发感慨，寄寓情怀。四句中，前半偏重虚写，指出河湟失陷局势；后半采用实写，选用一典型事例作结，引出失地所存在的现象。这种现象又是河湟长期失陷的结果，引人深思。诗人很少运用感情色彩浓厚的词汇来表现情感，但从“一自”、“却”等表时间和转折意义的词中，可以使读者体会到诗人内心强烈的感受。这种悲慨的诗风，会引起读者的情感共鸣。
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司空图简介
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司空图（837～908）晚唐诗人、诗论家。字表圣，自号知非子，又号耐辱居士。祖籍临淮（今安徽泗县东南），自幼随家迁居河中虞乡（今山西永济）。唐懿宗咸通十年（869年）应试，擢进士上第，天复四年（904年），朱全忠召为礼部尚书，司空图佯装老朽不任事，被放还。后梁开平二年（908年），唐哀帝被弑，他绝食而死，终年七十二岁。司空图成就主要在诗论，《二十四诗品》为不朽之作。《全唐诗》收诗三卷。
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