淇上酬薛三据兼寄郭少府微
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唐代]:高适
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自从别京华,我心乃萧索。
十年守章句,万事空寥落!
北上登蓟门,茫茫见沙漠,
倚剑对风尘,慨然思卫霍。
拂衣去燕赵,驱马怅不乐。
天长沧州路,日暮邯郸郭,
酒肆或淹留,渔潭屡栖泊。
独行备艰险,所见穷善恶。
永愿拯刍荛,孰云干鼎镬!
皇情念淳古,时俗何浮薄。
理道资任贤,安人在求瘼。
故交负灵奇,逸气抱謇谔,
隐轸经济具,纵横建安作,
才望忽先鸣,风期无宿诺。
飘摇劳州县,迢递限言谑。
东驰眇贝丘,西顾弥虢略。
淇水徒自流,浮云不堪讬。
吾谋适可用,天路岂寥廓!
不然买山田,一身与耕凿,
且欲同鹪鹩,焉能志鸿鹤!
淇上酬薛三据兼寄郭少府微译文及注释
译文
自从离开京城长安,我的心就忧郁寂寞。
十年间困守章句,可万事空自寥落。
北行登上了蓟门,见到那茫茫的沙漠。
倚着剑面对着战争风尘,令人慨然怀想汉代名将卫与霍。
我拂衣离开燕赵,赶着马可怅然不乐。
大白天走在沧洲路上,傍晚时赶到邯郸城郭。
酒店里有时留下踪影,渔潭边常常栖身落脚。
一个人赶路备尝艰险,看尽了世上的善恶。
拯救穷民是我的夙愿,哪怕会杀身鼎镬。
皇帝的心愿在保存古风淳朴,时下的习尚却又何等轻浮浇薄。
治国之道要靠任用贤才,安定民心必须关心民瘼。
二位老友都堪称奇才,超逸不凡又直言不阿。
身怀经世济民的谋略,写下了继承建安风骨的诗作。
才华声望早已著称,风节信谊一贯重言诺。
可你们各自操劳于州县,相隔千里阻隔了谈笑戏谑。
我向东神驰远望那贝丘,向西回顾尽头是虢略。
淇水空自流过,浮云也不能寄信请托。
我的才略倘能被赏识任用,登天之路就不会茫无着落。
不然再买下几亩山田,亲自挖井耕作。
姑且自比那鹪鹩,哪能有志于鸿鹄。
注释
1.薛三据:河中宝鼎(今山西省万荣县西南宝鼎镇)人,盛唐诗人。
2.章句:本指章节句读,诗中指为仕进而读书。
3.风尘:边地多风沙,此处兼指战伐之气。
4.卫:指汉武帝时名将卫青,曾先后四次出击匈奴,获大胜。
5.霍:指汉代名将霍去病。
6.拂(fú)衣:古人要起行,必先拂其衣,后常用来指洒脱离去。
7.燕赵:皆用古称,指战国时燕国(今河北北部和北京市)、赵国(今河北省南部、山西省东部、河南省北部)一带。
8.沧(cāng)洲:水曲之地,后世常以指隐者居住的地方。
9.刍(chú)荛(ráo):打草砍柴的人,诗中指贫民百姓。刍:割草。荛:柴草。
10.干(gān):犯。
11.鼎(dǐng)镬(huò):诗中指烹煮酷刑。
12.理道:即治道,“治”字避唐高宗李治讳而改为“理”。
13.安人:即安民。“民”字避唐太宗李世民讳而改为“人”。
14.求瘼(mò):访求民间疾苦。
15.故交:指薛据及郭微。
16.灵奇:不同凡俗的才气。
17.謇(jiǎn)谔(è):正直。
18.经济具:经世济民之材。
19.建安作:具有建安风格的诗文。
20.鸣:突出地表现出来。
21.风期:指风节。
22.劳州县:操劳于州县的吏务。
23.迢(tiáo)递(dì):路途遥远。
24.限:阻隔。
25.贝丘:古地名,同名者有三处,诗中指春秋齐国之贝丘,在今山东省博兴县南贝丘乡。
26.虢(guó)略:地名,因春秋虢国境界而得称。今河南省灵宝县城旧称虢略镇,即其地。贝丘、虢略,当为薜、郭所在之地。
27.天路:原指登天之路,诗中比喻指显达、实现抱负之路。
28.耕凿(záo):指隐居不仕。
29.鹪(jiāo)鹞(liáo):一种善于筑巢的小鸟。
30.鸿(hóng)鹤(hè):即鸿鹄,比喻有大志向的人。
参考资料:
1、吴湘洲选注.高适·岑参诗选:中华书局,2005年8月:第48页
2、章培恒,安平秋,马樟根主编;谢楚发译注.高适岑参诗选译 修订版:凤凰出版社,2011.05:第45页
淇上酬薛三据兼寄郭少府微创作背景
这是高适早年的一篇重要作品,约作于公元734年(开元二十二年)春由蓟北南返宋中途中的淇水之滨。时年诗人三十五岁。诗中借与薛据和郭微的酬唱之机,叙述和披露了自己大半生的坎坷遭遇。
淇上酬薛三据兼寄郭少府微鉴赏
第一部分
从开始到“安人在求瘼”二十二句为第一部份,叙述早年之经历和自己的政治理想。一开篇诗人就截取“别京华”这一经历,将自己萧条冷落的悲凉心境倾吐出来。诗人二十岁时初到长安,踌躇满志,想在长安建功立业,但“布衣不得干明主”的现实打破了他的幻想。严酷的现实使他猛然醒悟,出生贫寒的诗人根本没有进身之机。第二句中用一“乃”字,不但表现出诗人由希望到失望的心理转折,而且巧妙地过渡到下文的叙述。在天真的诗人面前,“别京华”只是他仕途不幸的开始。紧接着“十年守章句,万事空寥落”十字,又叙写了自己以“章句”之学求仕的巨大挫折。文路不通,改走武路,诗人“单车入燕赵”(《酬裴员外以诗代诗》),欲从军边疆,沙场报国建功。他“登蓟门”而遥望,只见沙漠之茫茫,“风尘”(喻边患)之四起,痛悼时艰,“倚剑”感愤,但不料请缨无路,报国无门,不禁遥想汉代的卫青、霍去病得遇雄主,驰骋疆场,建不朽之功业,垂万古之英名,自己却空怀抱国志不免感慨万分。紧接着以“拂衣”、“驱马”两个动作描写,把他对权势压抑的睥睨之态,曲郁难伸的失意之情形象地展现出来。同时,他怀着一腔愤懑走向社会下层。“沧州”(水曲之地,此指隐居者所居的地方)路上留下了他的足迹,邯郸城廓闪动着他的身影,时而“淹留”于“酒肆”之中,时而“栖泊”于“渔潭”之上,孤独寂寞,尝尽“艰险”;人间“善恶”无不穷尽。然而,诗人“穷且益坚”,长期的挫折,更激励他昂扬奋发。“艰险”的生活,使他对人民的苦难有深刻的了解,更唤起他济世救民的壮志。因此文势至此,突起波澜,唱出了“永愿拯刍荛,孰云干鼎镬”的宏伟抱负。“刍荛”,本指割草打柴的人,此指广大穷苦人民,“鼎镬”,是古代施行烹煮酷刑的容器。两句意思是:我愿意拯救老百姓的苦难,谁还顾及由此而触怒当权者而遭到致命的酷刑呢?紧接着“皇情”二字,以纯朴敦厚的上古遗风,与当今“浮薄”的“时俗”相对比,证明了自己主张的合理性,并进而提出“任贤”“安人”“求瘼”(瘼,疾病,此指人民的疾苦)的具体措施。以上六句,言简意赅,可谓诗人一生政治理想的纲要。
第二部分
第二部分“故交”以下六句。先宕开一笔,以己及人,回应“酬薛三据”的题旨,继而以“灵奇”赞其不同凡俗的才气;以“謇谔”颂其耿直敢言的品格;以“隐轸”夸其经世济民才略的富盛,以“建安风骨”喻其诗作的慷慨激昂,至于才能声望的“先鸣”,风度信谊的超拔和真诚,那更是有口皆碑。薛据虽“自持才名”,但不过主簿县令而已,郭微亦不过一“少府”。这不但不能一展大志,而且为“州县”琐事所羁,为地域的阻隔所“限”,连“言谑”之机也没有,只能神“驰”“贝丘”,“西顾虢略”(贝丘,今山东博兴县南。虢略,今河南嵩县西北,可能是薛郭二人所在之地),遥寄相思罢了,这其实就是对他们极大的讽刺。所以,诗人的感情再度强烈地喷发出来。“淇水”东流,“浮云”飘逝,己之理想俱“不堪托”,一种时不我待的焦虑,一腔为国为民的热忱,使诗人不禁发出“吾谋适可用,天路岂寥廓”的强烈呼喊。最后四句,以“不然”二字再一转折,设想自己若不被赏识,决心“耕凿”一生,自食其力。如“鹪鹩”营巢,一枝足矣自况(见《庄子·逍遥游》),就不能效“鸿鹤”高飞,一举千里。这个结尾,从字面上看,似乎表现出诗人与世无争,潇洒出尘的恬静心情,其实是正话反说,他一生对政治十分热衷,决没有真正归隐的想法,诗人的愤懑之情是不难体会到的。
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程垓《
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水龙吟·夜来风雨匆匆》
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元好问《
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浣溪沙·往年宏辞御题有西山晴雪》
高适简介
唐代·高适的简介
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高适是我国唐代著名的边塞诗人,世称“高常侍”。 作品收录于《高常侍集》。高适与岑参并称“高岑”,其诗作笔力雄健,气势奔放,洋溢着盛唐时期所特有的奋发进取、蓬勃向上的时代精神。
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二别阻汉坻。
双崤望河澳。
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和家字韵呈同社诸公
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宋代:
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廖行之
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平生四海鲁东家,貌敬谁能礼有加。
试问离歌谈狗曲,何如艳曲唱山茶。
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送林坦之垂之兄弟上春官二首 其一
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明代:
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邓云霄
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据地酣歌笑四豪,诗情酒态忆吾曹。坐来夜雨衙斋冷,望去春风马首高。
白眼未清游侠骨,朱弦宁向众人操。燕台重价需千里,莫问囊中金错刀。
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葡萄
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明代:
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张宁
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岁晏虬枝满,春归蚓蔓伸。行藏与时契,不独味宜人。
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舟次三水寄竹泉上人
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宋代:
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李震
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片云远隔五羊城,白足高僧事事清。吟对梅花看月色,坐题桐叶听秋声。
一尘不及人间迹,万虑都忘物外情。卖却床头琴与剑,几回相见话生平。
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次韵黄侍郎海棠花下怯黄昏七绝
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宋代:
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魏了翁
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唐人春深题,用韵工车斜。
逐逐语言去,谁欤真识花。