清江引·长门柳丝千万结
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元代]：曹德
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长门柳丝千万结，风起花如雪。离别复离别，攀折更攀折，苦无多旧时枝叶也。
长门柳丝千万缕，总是伤心树。行人折嫩条，燕子衔轻絮，都不由凤城春做主。
清江引·长门柳丝千万结译文及注释
译文
长门宫外的柳条千缕万缕，微风中柳絮如雪一般白。行人次次离别时，把折柳反复相赠，再次相送时，苦了柳树已不剩枝叶可让人相赠。
长门宫前的柳条千行万行，总引起我的嗟伤。行人任意把嫩枝攀折，燕子衔走了柳花飞向远方。京城的春神又作得什么主张？
注释
长门：汉长安宫名，武帝时陈皇后失宠即居此。
花如雪：柳絮像雪一样白。
攀折：古人送别时，多折柳枝相赠。
伤心树：柳枝在离别时被攀折相送，它总是与离别的伤感联系在一起，故称伤心树。
行人折嫩条：古人送行，折柳相送，取“柳”与“留”音谐，故以此表示惜别。
衔轻絮：叼着柳絮归巢。轻絮，柳花的飞絮。
凤城：京城的别称。
参考资料：
1、梁川等．《元曲三百首鉴赏》：北京理工大学出版社，2008
2、傅德岷等．《元曲鉴赏辞典·图文本》：长江出版社，2011-04：第230页
清江引·长门柳丝千万结创作背景
元末陶宗仪在所著《辍耕录》中记载了曹德作《清江引》的事，认为是伯颜专权，擅杀郯王彻彻都、高昌王帖木儿不花，曹德写二曲张贴于五门以讽之。考证《元史》得此为元顺帝时的伯颜，他拥戴顺帝有功，皇后伯牙吾氏的亲属忌怕伯颜专权，发生内争。伯颜尽杀皇后党羽，把皇后幽禁于冷宫，不久加以暗杀，所以《清江引》是为皇后被幽被杀所作，不单指伯颜杀彻彻都等人。
参考资料：
1、蒋星煜等．《元曲鉴赏辞典》：上海辞书出版社，2013-05：第927-929页
清江引·长门柳丝千万结鉴赏
第一首，前两句“长门柳丝千万结，风起花如雪”，乃描写长门春景。长门宫外垂柳万千，春风照拂，雪白的柳絮漫天飞舞。表面上看，似乎很有生机，而实际上“长门”乃失宠的后妃或未得宠爱的宫女粉黛居住的冷宫。居住在冷宫的人，其怨恨之深，是难以言状的。柳丝缕缕下垂，条理分明，本无所谓“结”，却有“千万”。可见并非实写，而是借以比喻被幽禁的皇后内心的无限寂寞和愁肠百结。宫外春柳的繁盛，更显出宫内的冷清，更加衬托了幽居长门之人的无限哀愁。其中第二句，标明为暮春时节，而“风起”暗指伯颜擅权残害忠良之风，以柳絮如雪花般纷纷飘零，隐喻朝中无数无辜的官员文士，被排挤陷害而去。
接三句，揭示了长门柳的悲惨遭遇。长门虽为冷宫，但毕竟是皇宫重地，“长门”之柳不是门边道旁的柳树，不能随意的任人攀折。如今，却“攀折更攀折，苦无多旧时枝叶也”。古人尚有折柳送别的习俗。“离别复离别”，意指一次次的折柳赠别，不断地经历着生死离别。“长门柳”便一再被攀折，旧时的枝叶也就不多了。末句“无多旧时枝叶”和首句“柳丝千万结”相对照，既描绘了柳枝由多到少的变化过程，又讽刺伯颜把朝中上下旧的臣僚官员排斥殆尽，喻示了皇室宗亲的不断离去，不断被杀，逐渐稀少。
第二首，写长门宫前的柳树，即使长有千万缕柳丝，也总是一棵伤心的树。行人攀折嫩绿的柳条，燕子衔走了飞扬的柳絮。这一切，只因为京城中都由不得春天做主。开头两句，写长门柳枝繁叶茂，春意盎然，但毕竟是在长在冷宫外，也难逃悲剧命运。暗喻伯牙吾氏虽贵为皇后，照样被幽禁，同时预示了她最终被害的悲惨结局。而“行人折嫩条，燕子衔轻絮“进一步阐释伤心的理由，是因为”行人“和”燕子“的无情摧残。末句”都不由凤城春做主“，喻指当时伯颜专权，奸佞当道，皇帝昏庸无能和不由皇帝做主的朝政现实。
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辛弃疾《
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杜甫《
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短歌行赠王郎司直》
曹德简介
唐代·曹德的简介
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曹德，字明善，衢州（今浙江衢县）人。曾任衢州路吏，山东宪吏。后至元五年（一三三九）曹德在都下作〔清江引〕（又名〔岷江录〕）二曲讥讽权贵伯颜擅自专权，杀害剡王彻彻笃，锻炼诸狱，延及无辜。大书揭于五门之上，因此名声大噪。
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