《六国论》翻译及注释
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宋代：苏辙
尝读六国《世家》，窃怪天下之诸侯，以五倍之地，十倍之众，发愤西向，以攻山西千里之秦，而不免于死亡。常为之深思远虑，以为必有可以自安之计，盖未尝不咎其当时之士虑患之疏，而见利之浅，且不知天下之势也。
译文： 我读过史记中六国世家的故事，内心感到奇怪：全天下的诸侯，凭着比秦国大五倍的土地，多十倍的军队，全心全力向西攻打崤山西边面积千里的秦国，却免不了灭亡。我常为这件事作深远的思考，认为一定有能够用来自求安定的计策；因此我总是怪罪那时候的一些谋臣，在考虑忧患时是这般的粗略，图谋利益时又是那么的肤浅，而且不了解天下的情势啊！
注释： 六国：齐、楚、燕、赵、韩、魏。世家：《史记》记述诸侯王的传记称为世家（农民起义领袖陈涉、儒家创始人孔丘也被列人世家，此属例外）。“六国世家”，即六国诸侯王的传记。窃：私下，用作表示个人意见的谦词。五倍之地、十倍之众：谓六国与秦相比，有其五倍的土地、十倍的人口。山西：古地区名。战国、秦、汉时期，通称崤山或华山以西为山西。这里指崤山以西。咎：怪罪。疏：粗忽。势：大势、形势。
夫秦之所以与诸侯争天下者，不在齐、楚、燕、赵也，而在韩、魏之郊；诸侯之所与秦争天下者，不在齐、楚、燕、赵也，而在韩、魏之野。秦之有韩、魏，譬如人之有腹心之疾也。韩、魏塞秦之冲，而弊山东之诸侯，故夫天下之所重者，莫如韩、魏也。昔者范睢用于秦而收韩，商鞅用于秦而收魏，昭王未得韩、魏之心，而出兵以攻齐之刚、寿，而范雎以为忧。然则秦之所忌者可以见矣。
译文： 秦国要和诸侯争夺天下的目标，不是放在齐、楚、燕、赵等地区，而是放在韩、魏的边境上；诸侯要和秦国争夺天下的目标，也不是放在齐、楚、燕、赵等地区，而是放在韩、魏的边境上。对秦国来说，韩、魏的存在，就好比人有心腹的疾病一样；韩、魏两国阻碍了秦国出入的要道，却掩护着崤山东边的所有国家，所以全天下特别看重的地区，再也没有比得上韩、魏两国了。从前范雎被秦国重用，就征服了韩国，商鞅被秦国重用，就征服了魏国。秦昭王在还没获得韩、魏的归心以前，却出兵去攻打齐国的刚、寿一带，范雎就认为是可忧的。既然这样那么秦国忌惮的事情，就可以看得出来了。
注释： 不在齐、楚、燕、赵：这四国皆远离位于西部的秦国，不与其接壤，故云。而在韩、魏之郊：韩国疆土有今山西东南部和河南中部，介于秦、楚、魏三国之间，为军事上必争之地。故云秦吞六国，首先战事当发生在“韩、魏之郊”。郊，邑外为郊野。周制，离都城五十里为近郊，百里为远郊。后泛指城外、野外。与下句“韩、魏之野”，的“野”，同义，都是田野、国土的意思。塞：阻塞，挡住。冲：要冲，军事要道。蔽山东之诸侯：遮蔽了崤山以东的各诸侯国。范雎：字叔，战国时魏人。后入秦说秦昭王，他曾劝说昭王：“天下无变则已，天下有变，其为秦患者孰大于韩乎？王不如收韩。”（《史记·范雎蔡泽列传》）收韩，收服韩国。商鞅：也叫卫鞅，卫国贵族，公孙氏。后入秦，劝说孝王伐魏，“秦之与魏，譬若人之有腹心疾，非魏并秦，即秦并魏······孝公以为然。使卫鞍将而伐魏······尽破之以归秦。”魏惠王恐，“乃使使割河西之地献于秦以和。”（《史记·商君列传》）故云“用于秦而收魏”。“昭王未得韩魏之心”三句：范雌说秦王曰：“夫稚侯越韩、魏而攻齐纲寿，非计也。少出师，则不足以伤齐；多出师，则害于秦。······越人之国而攻可乎？其于计疏矣。······王不如远交而近攻。得寸，则王之寸也；得尺，亦王之尺也。今释此而远攻，不亦缪乎！”（《史记·范雎蔡泽列传》）刚，故刚城，今山东省宁阳县。寿，今山东省郓城县。
秦之用兵于燕、赵，秦之危事也。越韩过魏，而攻人之国都，燕、赵拒之于前，而韩、魏乘之于后，此危道也。而秦之攻燕、赵，未尝有韩、魏之忧，则韩、魏之附秦故也。夫韩、魏诸侯之障，而使秦人得出入于其间，此岂知天下之势邪！委区区之韩、魏，以当强虎狼之秦，彼安得不折而入于秦哉？韩、魏折而入于秦，然后秦人得通其兵于东诸侯，而使天下偏受其祸。
译文： 秦国要对燕、赵两国动用兵力，这对秦国是危险的事情；越过韩、魏两国去攻打人家的国都，燕、赵在前面抵挡它，韩、魏就从后面偷袭他，这是危险的途径啊。可是当秦国去攻打燕、赵时，却不曾有韩、魏的顾虑，就是因为韩、魏归附了秦国的缘故啊。韩、魏是诸侯各国的屏障，却让秦国人能够在他们的国境内进出自如，这难道是了解天下的情势吗？任由小小的韩、魏两国，去抵挡像虎狼一般强横的秦国，他们怎能不屈服而归向秦国呢？韩、魏一屈服而归向秦国，从此以后秦国人就可以出动军队直达东边各国，而且让全天下到处都遭受到他的祸害。
注释： 乘：乘势攻击。附：依附。障：屏璋。委：托付。区区：小，少。
夫韩、魏不能独当秦，而天下之诸侯，藉之以蔽其西，故莫如厚韩亲魏以摈秦。秦人不敢逾韩、魏以窥齐、楚、燕、赵之国，而齐、楚、燕、赵之国，因得以自完于其间矣。以四无事之国，佐当寇之韩、魏，使韩、魏无东顾之忧，而为天下出身以当秦兵；以二国委秦，而四国休息于内，以阴助其急，若此，可以应夫无穷，彼秦者将何为哉！不知出此，而乃贪疆埸尺寸之利，背盟败约，以自相屠灭，秦兵未出，而天下诸侯已自困矣。至于秦人得伺其隙以取其国，可不悲哉！
译文： 韩、魏是不能单独抵挡秦国的，可是全天下的诸侯，却必须靠着他们去隔开西边的秦国，所以不如亲近韩、魏来抵御秦国。秦国人就不敢跨越韩、魏，来图谋齐、楚、燕、赵四国，然后齐、楚、燕、赵四国，也就因此可以在他们的领域内安定自己的国家了。凭着四个没有战事的国家，协助面临敌寇威胁的韩、魏两国，让韩、魏没有防备东边各国的忧虑，替全天下挺身而出来抵挡秦国军队；用韩、魏两国对付秦国，其余四国在后方休生养息，来暗中援助他们的急难，像这样就可以源源不绝地应付了，那秦国还能有什么作为呢？诸侯们不知道要采行这种策略，却只贪图边境上些微土地的利益，违背盟誓、毁弃约定，来互相残杀同阵营的人，秦国的军队还没出动，天下的诸侯各国就已经困住自己了。直到让秦国人能够趁虚而入来并吞了他们的国家，怎不令人悲哀啊！
注释： 当：抵当。折：损折。东诸侯：山东的诸侯，这里指齐、楚、燕、赵。摈（bìn）：排除。完：全，这里指保全国家的完整。寇：敌寇，侵略者，这里指秦国。出身：献身。“以二国”三句：意谓用韩、魏二国的力量共同对付秦国，齐楚燕赵四国则可在后方休养生息，并且暗地帮助韩、魏二国的急需之物。阴助，暗中帮助。疆埸（yì）：边界。背盟败约：即“背败盟约。背，背弃。败，破坏。自相屠灭：指六国间自相残杀。伺其隙：窥侧着六国疲困的可乘之机。
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苏轼《
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日喻》
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纪昀《
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河中石兽》
苏辙简介
唐代·苏辙的简介
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苏辙（1039—1112年），字子由，汉族，眉州眉山（今属四川）人。嘉祐二年（1057）与其兄苏轼同登进士科。神宗朝，为制置三司条例司属官。因反对王安石变法，出为河南推官。哲宗时，召为秘书省校书郎。元祐元年为右司谏，历官御史中丞、尚书右丞、门下侍郎因事忤哲宗及元丰诸臣，出知汝州，贬筠州、再谪雷州安置，移循州。徽宗立，徙永州、岳州复太中大夫，又降居许州，致仕。自号颍滨遗老。卒，谥文定。唐宋八大家之一，与父洵、兄轼齐名，合称三苏。