《召公谏厉王弭谤》翻译及注释
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两汉：佚名
厉王虐，国人谤王。召公告曰：“民不堪命矣！”王怒，得卫巫，使监谤者。以告，则杀之。国人莫敢言，道路以目。
译文： 周厉王暴虐，百姓纷纷指责他。召穆公对厉王说："老百姓忍受不了暴政了！"厉王听了勃然大怒，找到卫国的巫师，让卫国的巫师去监视批评国王的人，按照卫国的巫师的报告，就杀掉批评国王的人。国人不敢说话，路上相见，以目示意。
注释： 谤：指责，公开的批评。巫：古代以降神事鬼为职业的人。莫：没有谁。目：用眼睛看看，用作动词。表示敢怒不敢言。
王喜，告召公曰：“吾能弭谤矣，乃不敢言。”召公曰：“是鄣之也。防民之口，甚于防川；川雍而溃，伤人必多。民亦如之。是故为川者，决之使导；为民者，宣之使言。故天子听政，使公卿至于列士献诗，瞽献曲，史献书，师箴，瞍赋，朦诵，百工谏，庶人传语，近臣尽规，亲戚补察，瞽、史教诲，耆艾修之，而后王斟酌焉。是以事行而不悖。民之有口也，犹土之有山川也，财用于是乎出；犹其有原隰衍沃也，衣食于是乎生。口之宣言也，善败于是乎兴。行善而备败，所以阜财用衣食者也。夫民虑之于心，而宣之于口，成而行之，胡可壅也？若壅其口，其与能几何？”
译文： 周厉王颇为得意，对召穆公说：“我能消除指责的言论，他们再也不敢吭声了!”召公回答说：“你这样做是堵住人们的嘴。阻塞老百姓的嘴，好比阻塞河水。河流如果堵塞后一旦再决堤，伤人一定很多，人民也是这样。因此治水的人疏通河道使它畅通，治民者只能开导他们而让人畅所欲言。所以君王处理政事，让三公九卿以至各级官吏进献讽喻诗，乐师进献民间乐曲，史官进献有借鉴意义的史籍，少师诵读箴言，盲人吟咏诗篇，有眸子而看不见的盲人诵读讽谏之言，掌管营建事务的百工纷纷进谏，平民则将自己的意见转达给君王，近侍之臣尽规劝之责，君王的同宗都能补其过失，察其是非，乐师和史官以歌曲、史籍加以谆谆教导，元老们再进一步修饰整理，然后由君王斟酌取舍，付之实施，这样，国家的政事得以实行而不违背道理。老百姓有口，就像大地有高山河流一样，社会的物资财富全靠它出产；又像高原和低地都有平坦肥沃的良田一样，人类的衣食物品全靠它产生。人们用嘴巴发表议论，政事的成败得失就能表露出来。人们以为好的就尽力实行，以为失误的就设法预防，这是增加衣食财富的途径啊。人们心中所想的通过嘴巴表达，他们考虑成熟以后，就自然流露出来，怎么可以堵呢？如果硬是堵住老百姓的嘴，那赞许的人还能有几个呢？”
注释： 弭谤：消除议论。弭，消除。谤，公开批评指责别人的过失；谤言，这个词后来一般作贬义词。障：障碍。川壅而溃：壅：堵塞。溃：水冲破堤坝。为川者决之使导:治水的人疏通河道使他畅通，为：治，决：挖开，排除，导：疏通。为川者：治水的人；决之使导，引水使它流通。宣之使言：治民者必宣导百姓，使之尽言。宣，放，开导。听政：治理国政。听，治理，处理。公卿：三公九卿。至于：以及。列士：上士，中士，下士。诗：指采集于民间的讽谏诗，不是指《诗经》。瞽献曲：盲人乐师向国王进献乐曲。瞽，无目，失明的人。史献书：史官向国王进献记载史实的书籍。师箴：少师进献规劝的文辞。箴规谏的文辞。瞍赋：无眸子的盲人吟咏（公卿烈士所献的诗）。瞍，没有眸子的盲人。赋，朗诵。曚诵：有眸子而看不见的盲人诵读（讽谏的文章）。曚，有眸子而看不见东西的人。百工：百官。庶人传语：百姓的意见间接传给国王。近臣尽规：常在左右的臣子，进献规谏的话。尽规：尽力规劝。亲戚补察：同族的亲属，弥补并监察国王的过失。耆、艾修之：国内元老大臣把这些规谏修饬整理。耆，六十岁的人。艾，五十岁的人。而后王斟酌焉：而后由国王仔细考虑，付之实行。是以事行而不悖：国王的行事由此才不至于违背事理。悖，违背。事行，政事畅行，政令通行。而：转折连词，但是。于是乎出：从这里生产出来。于，从。是，这。乎，助词。犹其有原隰衍沃也：犹：如同，其，指代土地，原，宽阔。隰，地下而潮湿的土地。衍，地下而平坦的土地。沃，肥美得土地，就好比土地有原隰衍沃的一样。原：宽阔而平坦的土地。隰：低下而潮湿的土地。衍：低下而平坦的土地。沃：有河流灌溉的土地。口之宣言也，善败于是乎兴：由于百姓用口发表意见国家政治的好坏才能从中表现出来。宣言：发表议论。宣：宣泄，引导。善败，治乱：于是，从这里面。兴：暴露出来。行善而备败，其所以阜财用衣食者也：这两句是说，凡是老百姓认为好的就做，反之就得加以防备，这是增多衣食财物的办法。.备：防备。所以，用来……的方法。其：副词，表示揣测，(这)大概(就是)。所以：用来……的。阜，增加。使……丰富。意动用词。成：成熟。行，自然流露，自然表现。胡，怎么。其与能几何：能有什么帮助呢？这句是说，那赞同的人能有多少呢？其，代词，那。与，帮助，《战国策》说："君不与胜者，而与不胜者。"
王弗听，于是国人莫敢出言。三年，乃流王于彘。
译文： 周厉王不听，在这种情况下老百姓再也不敢公开发表言论指斥他。过了三年，人们终于把这个暴君放逐到彘地去了。
注释： 乃流王于彘：把国王放逐到彘地去。乃：终于，副词。流：流放，放逐。于：到，介词。.于是：从，从这里。彘：地名，在今山西省霍县境内。甚:比……更严重。超过。
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佚名《
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孔雀东南飞》
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杜牧《
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过华清宫绝句三首·其一》
佚名简介
唐代·佚名的简介
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